Table 3 General characteristics of participants with diabetes according to indicators of renal damage
|  | Participants with eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (N = 25) | Participants with albuminuria (N = 181) | Participants without renal damage (N = 208) | Total (N = 400) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 68.4 (11.3) | 57.6 (12.4) | 57.2 (10.6) | 57.5 (11.5) |
Men | 5 (20.0%) | 132 (72.9%) | 123 (59.1%) | 255 (63.8%) |
Education | ||||
  ≤ Primary school | 2 (8.0%) | 26 (14.4%) | 21 (10.1%) | 48 (12.0%) |
 Junior high school | 9 (36.0%) | 51 (28.2%) | 67 (32.2%) | 121 (30.3%) |
  ≥ Senior high school | 14 (56.0%) | 104 (57.5%) | 120 (57.7%) | 231 (57.8%) |
Current smoker | 1 (4.0%) | 66 (36.5%) | 55 (26.4%) | 121 (30.3%) |
Habitual drinker | 1 (4.0%) | 61 (33.7%) | 35 (16.8%) | 96 (24.0%) |
Dietary pattern | ||||
 Diet rich in fruits and vegetables | 9 (36.0%) | 69 (38.1%) | 100 (48.1%) | 174 (43.5%) |
 High fat diet | 1 (4.0%) | 16 (8.8%) | 22 (10.6%) | 38 (9.5%) |
Physical activity | ||||
 Low | 19 (76.0%) | 101 (55.8%) | 131 (63.0%) | 242 (60.5%) |
 Moderate | 6 (24.0%) | 72 (39.8%) | 74 (35.6%) | 147 (36.8%) |
 High | 0 (0.0%) | 8 (4.4%) | 3 (1.4%) | 11 (2.8%) |
Awareness of diabetes | 24 (96.0%) | 130 (71.8%) | 164 (78.8%) | 305 (76.3%) |
Control of diabetes | 9 (36.0%) | 38 (21.0%) | 89 (42.8%) | 133 (33.3%) |
Self-reported HBV infection | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (1.7%) | 11 (5.3%) | 14 (3.5%) |
Hypertension | 18 (72.0%) | 136 (75.1%) | 106 (51.0%) | 248 (62.0%) |
Dyslipidemia | 13 (52.0%) | 67 (37.0%) | 40 (19.2%) | 113 (28.3%) |
Hyperuricemia | 3 (12.0%) | 21 (11.6%) | 19 (9.1%) | 40 (10.0%) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.2 (3.0) | 26.7 (3.3) | 25.5 (3.4) | 26.0 (3.4) |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.7 (0.9) | 4.6 (1.0) | 4.4 (1.0) | 4.5 (1.0) |
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 2.2 (1.2) | 2.6 (2.5) | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | 2.2 (2.3) |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.5 (0.6) | 2.6 (0.7) | 2.4 (0.7) | 2.5 (0.7) |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3) |
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 8.6 (3.7) | 9.1 (2.9) | 7.6 (2.3) | 8.3 (2.7) |
Uric acid (μmol/L) | 282.0 (203.0–347.0) | 300.4 (99.1) | 272.3 (93.3) | 283.6 (97.0) |
Creatinine (μmol/L) | 97.5 (89.0–111.3) | 8.4 (71.6–96.5) | 77.8 (17.2) | 82.9 (40.0) |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 48.8 (12.9) | 82.4 (20.1) | 85.6 (16.5) | 83.3 (18.6) |
ACR (mg/g) | 34.6 (12.4–172.7) | 62.7 (39.4–196.7) | 16.3 (7.5) | 27.8 (14.5–53.5) |