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Table 1 Patient characteristics and results of investigations Data represent median (interquartile ranges) or mean ± standard deviation according to distribution

From: Beta-glucans in advanced CKD: role in endotoxaemia and inflammation

 

Healthy Control

CKD 1–3

CKD 4–5

PD

Low-risk HD

High-risk HD

p-value*

Age (years)

48 ± 8

50 ± 20

62 ± 12

60 ± 17

67 ± 17

61 ± 14

< 0.001

Weight (kg)

74 ± 14

83 ± 20

95 ± 18

85 ± 14

74 ± 19

82 ± 23

0.005

urine protein creatinine ratio (mg/mmoL)

 

41 [139]

97 [155]

    

*GFR/KRU(ml/min)

54.4[17.3]

14.2[5.1]

4.1[4.9]

1.6[2.7]

0[0]

Anuric (%)

6.7

33.3

80

< 0.001

Charlson Co-morbidity Index

1 [0–4]

5 [4–8]

6[3–7]

7[4.8–9]

5.5[3.8–8]

< 0.001

Diabetes (%)

25

45

27

40

33

NS

Dialysis vintage (years)

1 [0.3–4]

1.6 [0.9–4.3]

3[1.3–6.1]

0.056

BG (pg/mL)

13.5 [6.5]

15.5 [16]

22.5 [10.5]

37 [36]

55.5 [39]

57 [34.5]

< 0.001

CRP (mg/L)

1.5 [2.8]

2.9 [7.9]

3.9 [3.8]

4.1 [9.2]

1.9[3.0]

12.9 [11.8]

< 0.001

IL-6 (pg/mL)

0 [0.8]

3.1 [6.7]

2.4 [5.6]

6.3 [7.9]

8.6 [5.6]

14.3 [13.2]

< 0.001

TNF-α (pg/mL)

8 [4.1]

7.6 [7.0]

16 [6.6]

15.9 [6.5]

22.4 [8.0]

23.9 [7.0]

< 0.001

Endotoxin level (EU/ml)

[− BG blockade] (%)

0

0 [0]

0 [0]

0 [0.049]

0 [0.036]

0.027 [0.041]

0.001

Detectable endotoxin

[− BG blockade] (%)

0

10

15

47

37

53

< 0.001

Detectable endotoxin

[+ BG blockade] (%)

0

0

0

0

3.3

6.7

NS

  1. eGFR - estimated glomerular filtration rate - applies to healthy and non-dialysed CKD patients, KRU - residual urea clearance - applies to dialysis patients. NS – p > 0.1. For other abbreviations see text. Reference ranges for CRP, IL-6 and TNFα are < 5 mg/L, < 3.1 pg/mL and < 15.6 pg/mL respectively. + and - BG blockade refers to performance of LAL assay with and without use of BG blocking buffer to prevent any false activation by any circulating (1–3)-β-D glucan present in the sample. * P-value derived from one way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis or Chi-square tests as appropriate and denotes overall significant difference between independent groups. See text for relevant individual group differences as appropriate