From: Beta-glucans in advanced CKD: role in endotoxaemia and inflammation
Healthy Control | CKD 1–3 | CKD 4–5 | PD | Low-risk HD | High-risk HD | p-value* | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 48 ± 8 | 50 ± 20 | 62 ± 12 | 60 ± 17 | 67 ± 17 | 61 ± 14 | < 0.001 |
Weight (kg) | 74 ± 14 | 83 ± 20 | 95 ± 18 | 85 ± 14 | 74 ± 19 | 82 ± 23 | 0.005 |
urine protein creatinine ratio (mg/mmoL) | 41 [139] | 97 [155] | |||||
*GFR/KRU(ml/min) | – | 54.4[17.3] | 14.2[5.1] | 4.1[4.9] | 1.6[2.7] | 0[0] | – |
Anuric (%) | – | – | – | 6.7 | 33.3 | 80 | < 0.001 |
Charlson Co-morbidity Index | – | 1 [0–4] | 5 [4–8] | 6[3–7] | 7[4.8–9] | 5.5[3.8–8] | < 0.001 |
Diabetes (%) | – | 25 | 45 | 27 | 40 | 33 | NS |
Dialysis vintage (years) | – | – | – | 1 [0.3–4] | 1.6 [0.9–4.3] | 3[1.3–6.1] | 0.056 |
BG (pg/mL) | 13.5 [6.5] | 15.5 [16] | 22.5 [10.5] | 37 [36] | 55.5 [39] | 57 [34.5] | < 0.001 |
CRP (mg/L) | 1.5 [2.8] | 2.9 [7.9] | 3.9 [3.8] | 4.1 [9.2] | 1.9[3.0] | 12.9 [11.8] | < 0.001 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 0 [0.8] | 3.1 [6.7] | 2.4 [5.6] | 6.3 [7.9] | 8.6 [5.6] | 14.3 [13.2] | < 0.001 |
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 8 [4.1] | 7.6 [7.0] | 16 [6.6] | 15.9 [6.5] | 22.4 [8.0] | 23.9 [7.0] | < 0.001 |
Endotoxin level (EU/ml) [− BG blockade] (%) | 0 | 0 [0] | 0 [0] | 0 [0.049] | 0 [0.036] | 0.027 [0.041] | 0.001 |
Detectable endotoxin [− BG blockade] (%) | 0 | 10 | 15 | 47 | 37 | 53 | < 0.001 |
Detectable endotoxin [+ BG blockade] (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.3 | 6.7 | NS |