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Table 1 Characteristics of patients hospitalized for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by acute kidney injury

From: Association of acute kidney injury with readmissions after hospitalization for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population-based study

Characteristics

AKI

Non-AKI

P value

n = 24,833

(7.0%)

n = 332,157

(93.0%)

Age (year), median (IQR)

76 (67–83)

70 (60–80)

< 0.001

Male

12,605 (50.8)

136,949 (41.2)

< 0.001

Race/ethnicity

  

< 0.001

 Non-Hispanic white

17,375 (72.3)

237,741 (74.0)

 

 Non-Hispanic black

2848 (11.9)

34,030(10.6)

 

 Hispanic

2593 (10.8)

35,333(11.0)

 

 Others

1217 (5.1)

14,034 (4.5)

 

Primary health insurance

  

< 0.001

 Medicare

20,089 (81.4)

233,472 (70.3)

 

 Medicaid

1817 (7.4)

36,878 (11.1)

 

 Private

1682 (6.8)

38,944 (11.7)

 

 Others

1093 (4.4)

22,698 (6.9)

 

Median household income quartile

  

< 0.001

 1 (lowest)

7216 (29.7)

103,211 (31.9)

 

 2

6230 (25.6)

89,605 (27.7)

 

 3

5931 (24.4)

76,312 (23.6)

 

 4 (highest)

4927 (20.3)

54,794 (16.9)

 

Patient residence

  

< 0.001

 Metropolitan

22,529 (90.8)

288,858 (87.0)

 

 Non-metropolitan

2304 (9.2)

43,299 (13.0)

 

Selected comorbiditiesa

 Congestive heart failure

11,326 (45.6)

78,120 (23.5)

< 0.001

 Depression

3348 (13.5)

52,482 (15.8)

< 0.001

 Diabetes

10,415 (41.9)

93,904 (28.3)

< 0.001

 Hypertension

20,125 (81.0)

219,396 (66.1)

< 0.001

 Obesity

5048 (20.3)

50,795 (15.3)

< 0.001

 Peripheral artery disease

2967 (11.9)

24,961 (7.5%)

< 0.001

 Chronic kidney disease

13,481 (54.3)

34,518 (10.4)

< 0.001

Hospital length-of-stay

  

< 0.001

 < 3 days

3599 (14.5)

97,877 (29.5)

 

 3–4 days

7223 (29.1)

117,624 (35.4)

 

 5–6 days

5407 (21.8)

60,523 (18.2)

 

 ≥ 7 days

8604 (34.6)

56,133 (16.9)

 

Hospital state

  

< 0.001

 Arkansas

1695 (6.8)

15,644 (4.7)

 

 California

4561 (18.4)

63,913 (19.2)

 

 Florida

10,295 (41.5)

135,717 (40.9)

 

 Iowa

764 (3.1)

11,825 (3.6)

 

 Nebraska

536 (2.2)

7252 (2.2)

 

 New York

6667 (26.8)

93,863 (28.3)

 

 Utah

315 (1.3)

3943 (1.2)

 
  1. Abbreviations: AKI Acute kidney injury, IQR Interquartile range
  2. Data are shown as n (%) unless otherwise specified
  3. aSelected from 29 Elixhauser comorbidity measures and arrhythmia