Skip to main content

Table 1 Baseline characteristics and clinical parameters of enrolled patients according to gait speed and handgrip strength

From: Gait speed and handgrip strength as predictors of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in hemodialysis patients

 

Normal GS and HS

(n = 119)

Normal GS and low HS

(n = 80)

Low GS and normal HS

(n = 34)

Low GS and HS

(n = 44)

p value

Age (year)

58.6 ± 14.3

61.5 ± 11.1

63.7 ± 10.3

68.6 ± 12.0

< 0.001c,e

Sex (male, %)

75 (63.0)

61 (76.2)

19 (55.9)

28 (63.6)

0.118

BMI (kg/m2)

23.2 ± 4.2

22.5 ± 3.3

24.5 ± 4.5

22.1 ± 3.2

0.024e

Time on dialysis (year)

2.8 [0.8, 5.9]

3.3 [0.8, 7.8]

1.1 [0.3, 2.6]

1.4 [0.3, 4.8]

0.005e

Previous cardiovascular events (n, %)

26 (21.8)

28 (35.0)

11 (32.4)

19 (43.2)

0.039a,c

Diabetes mellitus (n, %)

55 (46.2)

44 (55.0)

23 (67.6)

31 (70.5)

0.017b,c

Pre-HD SBP (mmHg)

141 ± 20

142 ± 25

143 ± 19

140 ± 21

0.949

Access type (n, %)

 Arteriovenous fistula

101 (84.9)

61 (76.2)

24 (70.6)

36 (81.8)

0.343

 Arteriovenous graft

15 (12.6)

16 (20.0)

10 (29..4)

6 (13.6)

 

 Catheter

3 (2.5)

3 (3.8)

0 (0)

2 (4.5)

 

Single-pool Kt/V

1.54 ± 0.29

1.59 ± 0.26

1.57 ± 0.29

1.68 ± 0.27

0.039c

Hemoglobin (g/dL)

10.6 ± 1.3

10.4 ± 1.3

10.6 ± 1.2

10.2 ± 1.3

0.417

Albumin (g/dL)

3.9 ± 0.3

3.9 ± 0.3

3.8 ± 0.4

3.7 ± 0.3

0.002c,e

Pre-HD BUN (mg/dL)

62.8 ± 17.8

58.4 ± 13.9

55.9 ± 17.7

54.5 ± 23.1

0.027c

Pre-HD creatinine (mg/dL)

9.7 ± 3.1

9.4 ± 2.2

8.1 ± 2.8

7.5 ± 2.6

< 0.001b,c,e

Ca (mg/dL)

8.5 ± 0.8

8.7 ± 0.8

8.3 ± 0.7

8.7 ± 0.9

0.037d

P (mg/dL)

5.0 ± 1.4

4.7 ± 1.2

4.7 ± 1.4

4.4 ± 1.6

0.153

Intact PTH (pg/mL)

190 [128, 302]

221 [119, 303]

185 [104, 370]

106 [58, 234]

0.060

Total CO2 (mEq/L)

22.5 ± 3.0

23.3 ± 3.1

22.6 ± 2.9

23.3 ± 2.9

0.246

β2-microglobulin (mg/L)

25.2 ± 8.6

24.4 ± 7.4

21.4 ± 7.3

25.1 ± 9.3

0.142

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

143 ± 29

132 ± 28

145 ± 32

141 ± 31

0.019e

LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

78 ± 24

73 ± 25

75 ± 26

85 ± 28

0.095

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

45 ± 15

45 ± 12

45 ± 16

45 ± 13

1.000

Gait speed* (m/s)

1.14 ± 0.24

1.09 ± 0.18

0.66 ± 0.13

0.62 ± 0.13

< 0.001b,c,d,e

Handgrip strength* (kg)

 Male

31.9 ± 9.2

19.4 ± 4.2

26.3 ± 13.6

18.9 ± 4.9

< 0.001a,b,c,d,f

 Female

21.4 ± 9.6

14.2 ± 2.1

18.4 ± 6.1

13.7 ± 2.2

< 0.001a,c

MAMC† (cm)

23.3 ± 3.4

22.5 ± 4.4

22.3 ± 2.5

21.6 ± 3.5

0.074

Anti-hypertensive medication (n, %)

 Renin-angiotensin system blocker

67 (56.3)

42 (52.5)

23 (67.6)

25 (56.8)

0.524

 Calcium channel blocker

74 (62.2)

44 (55.0)

21 (61.8)

30 (68.2)

0523

 β-blocker

46 (38.7)

30 (37.5)

19 (55.9)

20 (45.5)

0.250

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor

51 (42.9)

31 (38.8)

21 (61.8)

27 (61.4)

0.022c,d,e

  1. Abbreviations: GS Gait speed; HS Handgrip strength; BMI Body mass index; HD Hemodialysis; CV Cardiovascular; SBP Systolic blood pressure; BUN Blood urea nitrogen; PTH Parathyroid hormone; LDL Low-density lipoprotein; HDL High-density lipoprotein; MAMC Mid-arm muscle circumference
  2. *Low GS was defined as a gait speed of less than 0.8 m/s, and low HS was defined as < 26 kg for men and < 18 kg for women
  3. †MAMC was calculated by the following: MAMC = Midarm Circumference - (3.14163 Χ Triceps Skinfold Thickness / 10)
  4. ap < 0.05, Normal GS and HS vs. Normal GS and low HS; bp < 0.05, Normal GS and HS vs. Low GS and normal HS; cp < 0.05, Normal GS and HS vs. Low GS and HS; dp < 0.05, Normal GS and low HS vs. Low GS and normal HS; ep < 0.05, Normal GS and low HS vs. Low GS and HS
  5. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or the number of patients (percentage). Time on dialysis and intact PTH levels were non-normally distributed and therefore described as median [first and third interquartile rage]
Back to article page

BMC Nephrology

ISSN: 1471-2369

Contact us