Table 3 Associations between study variables and decreased kidney function (eGFR < 60) in the total study population

 Age

1.09 (1.09–1.09)*

1.08 (1.08–1.09)*

 Female

Ref.

Ref.

 Male

1.66 (1.63–1.68)*

1.36 (1.34–1.39)*

 Married/cohabiting

Ref.

Ref.

 Widowed/divorced/separated

1.18 (1.15–1.20)*

1.02 (0.99–1.04)

 Never married

1.27 (1.22–1.32)*

1.10 (1.05–1.14)*

 Normal weight

Ref.

Ref.

 Underweight

1.15 (1.10–1.20)*

0.78 (0.74–0.82)*

 Overweight

1.45 (1.39–1.52)*

1.14 (1.12–1.16)*

 Obese

1.70 (1.62–1.78)*

1.16 (1.13–1.19)*

  With high school diploma or higher degree

Ref.

  Without high school diploma school

1.0 (0.98–1.01)

  Not poor

Ref.

Ref.

  Poor

1.53 (1.48–1.59)*

1.03 (0.98–1.07)

  No

Ref.

Ref.

  Occasional

0.74 (0.72–0.76)*

0.87 (0.84–0.90)*

  Regular

0.66 (0.64–0.67)*

0.79 (0.77–0.81)*

Alcohol drinking (vs. no)

0.95 (0.90–1.01)

Current smoking (vs. no)

1.21 (1.17–1.25)*

1.15 (1.11–1.19)*

Betel nut chewing (vs. no)

0.83 (0.72–0.95)*

0.86 (0.73–1.00)

 Proteinuria

3.53 (3.44–3.63)*

2.56 (2.49–2.64)*

 Hypertension

1.82 (1.79–1.85)*

1.33 (1.31–1.35)*

 Diabetes

1.58 (1.55–1.61)*

1.26 (1.23–1.29)*

 Dyslipidemia

1.15 (1.13–1.17)*

1.14 (1.12–1.16)*

 Hyperuricemia/gout

3.89 (3.82–3.96)*

3.39 (3.32–3.46)*

 Urinary tract stones

0.98 (0.93–1.03)

 Cardiovascular disease

1.71 (1.68–1.74)*

1.25 (1.22–1.27)*

 Cancer

1.05 (0.94–1.17)