Table 1 Logistic regression analysis of the associations between the prevalence of a chronic kidney disease stage 3a + (estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73m2) and systemic parameters after adjusting for age in the Ural Eye and Medical Study
From: Chronic kidney disease in Russia: the Ural eye and medical study
Parameter | Total Study Population | Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73m2 (n = 4167) | Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate < 60 mL/min/1.73m2 (n = 1674) | P-Value | Odds ratio | 95% Confidence Intervals |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender: Women / Men (n = 5841) | 3291 (56.3%) / 2550 (43.7%) | 2121 (50.9%) / 2046 (49.1%) | 1170 (69.9%) / 504 (30.1%) | < 0.001 | 2.20 | 1.94, 2.49 |
Rural / urban region of habitation (n = 5841) | 3385 (42.0%) / 2456 (42.0%) | 2378 (57.1%) / 1789 (42.9%) | 1007 (60.2%) / 667 (39.8%) | < 0.001 | 1.56 | 1.38, 1.77 |
Family status: Married versus any other status (n = 5841) | 4269 (73.1%) / 1570 (26.9%) | 3181 (76.3%) | 1088 (65.0%) | < 0.001 | 0.77 | 0.68, 0.88 |
Family typea: Joint (three generations) / nuclear (two generations) / single / family of 2 people (n = 5821) | 1523 (26.2%) / 2479 (42.6%) / 322 (5.5%) / 1497 (25.7%) | 1077 (25.8%) / 1812 (43.6%) / 200 (4.8%) / 1071 (25.7%) | 446 (26.9%) / 667 (40.2%) / 122 (7.3%) / 426 (25.6%) | 0.25 | 1.08 | 0.95, 1.24 |
Ethnicity: Russian / any other ethnicity (n = 5841) | 1180 (22.0%) | 845 (22.2%) | 335 (21.5%) | 0.03 | 0.84 | 0.73, 0.98 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) (n = 5841) | 27.9 ± 5.0 | 27.8 ± 5.0 | 28.3 ± 4.9 | < 0.001 | 1.02 | 1.01, 1.03 |
Waist-hip-circumference-ratio (n = 5837) | 0.91 ± 0.09 | 0.91 ± 0.09 | 0.91 ± 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.42 | 0.21, 0.82 |
Socioeconomic parameters | ||||||
Level of education (n = 5839)b | 5.6 ± 1.4 | 5.6 ± 1.3 | 5.3 ± 1.5 | 0.92 | 1.00 | 0.96, 1.04 |
House ownership (n = 5841) | 5581 (95.5%) | 3963 (95.1%) | 1618 (96.7%) | < 0.001 | 0.74 | 0.63,0.87 |
Socioeconomic Score (n = 5836)c | 9.7 ± 1.8 | 9.8 ± 1.8 | 9.4 ± 1.9 | 0.23 | 0.98 | 0.95, 1.01 |
Physical activity | ||||||
How long is your usual work day? (Minutes) (n = 4324) | 463 ± 263 | 488 ± 271 | 394 ± 227 | < 0.001 | 0.999 | 0.999, 1.000 |
Does your work involve mostly sitting or standing with less than 10 min of walking at a time? (n = 5066) | 3456 (68.2%) | 493 (68.0%) | 963 (68.9%) | < 0.001 | 1.42 | 1.23, 1.64 |
History of diseases | ||||||
History of angina pectoris (n = 5840) | 533 (9.1%) | 386 (9.3%) | 147 (8.8%) | 0.56 | 1.06 | 0.87, 1.31 |
History of asthma (n = 5840) | 162 (2.8%) | 115 (2.8%) | 47 (2.8%) | 0.23 | 0.80 | 0.56, 1.15 |
History of arthritis (n = 5840) | 1618 (27.7%) | 1102 (26.5%) | 516 (30.8%) | 0.74 | 0.98 | 0.86, 1.12 |
History of previous bone fractures (n = 5355) | 1636 (30.6%) | 1192 (31.4%) | 444 (28.5%) | 0.001 | 0.80 | 0.70, 0.92 |
History of low back pain (n = 5355) | 2893 (54.0%) | 2052 (54.0%) | 841 (54.0%) | 0.73 | 1.02 | 0.90, 1.16 |
History of thoracic spine pain (n = 5355) | 1255 (23.4%) | 854 (22.5%) | 401 (25.8%) | 0.007 | 1.22 | 1.06, 1.40 |
History of neck pain (n = 5355) | 1559 (29.1%) | 1111 (29.3%) | 448 (28.8%) | 0.97 | 1.00 | 0.87, 1.14 |
History of headache (n = 5355) | 2530 (47.2%) | 1752 (46.1%) | 778 (50.0%) | 0.007 | 1.19 | 1.05, 1.34 |
History of cancer (n = 5355) | 174 (3.0%) | 109 (2.6%) | 65 (3.9%) | 0.51 | 1.12 | 0.81, 1.54 |
History of cardiovascular disorders including stroke (n = 5840) | 1456 (27.2%) | 954 (25.1%) | 502 (32.2%) | 0.53 | 1.04 | 0.91, 1.20 |
History of dementia (n = 5355) | 37 (0.7%) | 22 (0.6%) | 15 (1.0%) | 0.71 | 0.88 | 0.45, 1.74 |
History of diarrhea (n = 5355) | 27 (0.5%) | 20 (0.5%) | 7 (0.4%) | 0.73 | 0.86 | 0.35, 2.09 |
History of iron-deficiency anemia (n = 5355) | 303 (5.%) | 216 (5.7%) | 87 (5.6%) | 0.29 | 1.16 | 0.89, 1.51 |
History of low blood pressure and hospital admittance (n = 5813) | 214 (3.7%) | 148 (3.6%) | 66 (3.9%) | 0.64 | 0.93 | 0.68, 1.28 |
History of osteoarthritis (n = 5355) | 981 (18.3%) | 687 (18.1%) | 294 (18.9%) | 0.58 | 0.96 | 0.82, 1.12 |
History of skin disease (n = 5355) | 280 (5.2%) | 193 (5.1%) | 87 (5.6%) | 0.56 | 1.08 | 0.83, 1.42 |
History of thyreopathy (n = 5840) | 604 (10.3%) | 410 (9.8%) | 194 (11.6%) | 0.18 | 1.14 | 0.94, 1.37 |
History of falls (n = 5836) | 1099 (18.8%) | 793 (19.1%) | 306 (18.3%) | 0.02 | 0.84 | 0.72, 0.98 |
History of unconsciousness (n = 5840) | 486 (8.3%) | 334 (8.0%) | 152 (9.1%) | 0.80 | 1.03 | 0.83, 1.27 |
Blood concentrations of: | ||||||
Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L) (n = 5835) | 21.2. ± 12.1 | 21.3 ± 12.6 | 20.9 ± 10.8 | 0.14 | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.00 |
Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) (n = 5838) | 20.8 ± 11.0 | 20.8 ± 11.3 | 20.6 ± 10.1 | 0.24 | 1.00 | 0.99, 1.00 |
Bilirubin, total (μmol/L) (n = 5841) | 14.9 ± 11.2 | 14.9 ± 11.1 | 15.0 ± 11.5 | 0.59 | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.01 |
High-density lipoproteins (mmol/L) (n = 5315) | 2.32 ± 0.89 | 2.32 ± 0.87 | 2.30 ± 0.95 | 0.46 | 0.97 | 0.91, 1.04 |
Low-density lipoproteins (mmol/L) (n = 5316) | 2.13 ± 1.20 | 2.10 ± 1.21 | 2.20 ± 1.17 | 0.01 | 1.07 | 1.02, 1.12 |
Cholesterol (mmol/L) (n = 5841) | 5.79 ± 1.69 | 5.72 ± 1.74 | 5.96 ± 1.53 | < 0.001 | 1.08 | 1.04, 1.12 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) (n = 5320) | 1.41 ± 0.75 | 1.38 ± 0.74 | 1.48 ± 0.76 | < 0.001 | 1.19 | 1.10, 1.29 |
Rheumatoid factor (IU/mL) (n = 5839) | 0.12 ± 0.94 | 0.10 ± 0.82 | 0.17 ± 1.20 | 0.67 | 1.01 | 0.96, 1.07 |
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (mm / hour) (n = 5838) | 14.2 ± 11.3 | 13.4 ± 10.9 | 16.1 ± 12.1 | < 0.001 | 1.01 | 1.01, 1.02 |
Glucose (mmol/L) (n = 5839) | 5.03 ± 1.67 | 5.02 ± 1.72 | 5.06 ± 1.56 | 0.06 | 0.97 | 0.93, 1.00 |
Creatinine (μmol/L) (n = 5841) | 89.9 ± 25.0 | 80.9 ± 16.5 | 112.1 ± 28.4 | |||
Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L) (n = 5841) | 5.11 ± 1.46 | 4.89 ± 1.25 | 5.66 ± 1.85 | < 0.001 | 1.34 | 1.28, 1.40 |
Residual nitrogen (g/L) (n = 5840) | 0.25 ± 0.07 | 0.25 ± 0.08 | 0.27 ± 0.06 | < 0.001 | 316 | 86, 1194 |
Total protein (g/L) (n = 5841) | 76.0 ± 6.3 | 76.0 ± 6.3 | 76.0 ± 6.5 | 0.27 | 1.01 | 1.00, 1.02 |
International normalized ratio (INR) (n = 5837) | 1.06 ± 0.14 | 1.06 ± 0.15 | 1.06 ± 0.14 | 0.48 | 1.16 | 0.77, 1.75 |
Prothrombin time (%) (n = 5839) | 96.0 ± 10.3 | 96.0 ± 10.1 | 96.1 ± 10.6 | 0.34 | 1.00 | 0.99, 1.00 |
Hemoglobin (g/L) (n = 5840) | 142.6 ± 14.8 | 143.7 ± 14.7 | 139.9 ± 14.6 | < 0.001 | 0.99 | 0.98, 0.99 |
Leukocytes (109 cells / L) (n = 5840) | 5.12 ± 1.43 | 5.12 ± 1.41 | 5.12 ± 1.48 | 0.58 | 0.99 | 0.95, 1.03 |
Clinical Characteristics | ||||||
Prevalence of diabetes mellitus (n = 5841) | 680 (11.6%) | 468 (11.2%) | 212 (12.7%) | 0.07 | 0.85 | 0.71, 1.01 |
Blood pressure, systolic (mmHg) (n = 5833) | 133.6 ± 20.5 | 132.8 ± 20.1 | 135.5 ± 21.2 | 0.05 | 0.997 | 0.994, 1.000 |
Blood pressure, diastolic (mmHg) (n = 5833) | 82.0 ± 10.4 | 82.1 ± 10.4 | 81.7 ± 10.5 | 0.04 | 0.994 | 0.998, 1.000 |
Blood pressure, mean (mmHg) (n = 5833) | 99.2 ± 12.5 | 99.0 ± 12.5 | 99.6 ± 12.6 | 0.03 | 0.995 | 0.990, 0.999 |
Prevalence of arterial hypertension (n = 5833) | 4933 (84.5%) | 3486 (83.7%) | 1447 (86.5%) | 0.31 | 1.07 | 0.94, 1.20 |
Prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n = 5350) | 367 (6.9%) | 290 (7.6%) | 77 (4.9%) | < 0.001 | 0.59 | 0.45, 0.78 |
Diet | ||||||
Vegetarian diet / mixed diet (n = 5841) | 10 (0.2%) / 5831 (99.8%) | 8 (0.2%) / 4159 (99.8%) | 2 (0.1%) / 1672 (99.9%) | 0.98 | 1.02 | 0.21, 4.97 |
Number of meals per day (n = 5836) | 3.63 ± 0.79 | 3.62 ± 0.80 | 3.66 ± 0.78 | 0.12 | 1.06 | 0.99, 1.14 |
In a week how many days do you eat fruits? (n = 5799) | 5.36 ± 1.98 | 5.36 ± 1.98 | 5.37 ± 1.98 | 0.12 | 1.02 | 0.99, 1.06 |
In a week how many days do you eat vegetables? (n = 5829) | 6.26 ± 1.42 | 6.27 ± 1.42 | 6.25 ± 1.42 | 0.41 | 1.02 | 0.98, 1.06 |
Type of oil used for cooking: vegetable oil / non-vegetable oil (n = 4585) | 4435 (96.7%) / 150 (3.3%) | 3059 (96.3%) / 117 (3.7%) | 1376 (97.7%) / 33 (2.3%) | 0.10 | 0.82 | 0.64, 1.04 |
Foods Containing Whole Grain (n = 5352) (No/Yes) | 1089 (20.3%) / 4263 (79.7%) | 775 (20.4%) / 3022 (79.6%) | 314 (20.2%) / 1241 (79.8%) | 0.21 | 1.10 | 0.95, 1.29 |
Salt consumed per day (g) (n = 5316) | 4.27 ± 2.37 | 4.26 ± 2.32 | 4.29 ± 2.50 | 0.49 | 1.01 | 0.98, 1.04 |
Degree of processing of meat (weak / medium / well done) (n = 5350) | 118 (2.2%) / 1906 (35.6%) / 3326 (62.2%) | 94 (2.5%) / 1355 (35.7%) / 2346 (61.8%) | 24 (1.5%) / 551 (35.4%) / 980 (63.0%) | 0.08 | 1.11 | 0.99, 1.24 |
Smoking | ||||||
Do you currently smoke any tobacco products? (yes) (n = 5834) | 733 (12.6%) | 629 (15.1%) | 104 (6.2%) | < 0.001 | 0.49 | 0.40, 0.62 |
Do you smoke daily? (yes / no) (n = 5841) | 707 (12.1%) | 608 (14.6%) | 99 (5.9%) | < 0.001 | 0.48 | 0.39, 0.61 |
Package years (package = 20 cigarettes) (n = 5800) | 4.1 ± 12.7 | 4.8 ± 13.6 | 2.2 ± 9.9 | < 0.001 | 0.99 | 0.98, 0.99 |
Alcohol Consumption | ||||||
Alcohol consumed such as beer, whisky, rum, gin brandy or other local products? (yes / no) (n = 5838) | 1238 (21.2%) | 940 (22.6%) | 298 (17.8%) | 0.43 | 0.94 | 0.81, 1.10 |
How many alcoholic drinks (in mL) do you have on a typical day when you are drinking) (n = 1221) | 194 ± 154 | 208 ± 158 | 152 ± 132 | < 0.001 | 0.997 | 0.996, 0.998 |
Depression and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) | ||||||
Depression score (n = 5838) | 1.18 ± 3.75 | 1.03 ± 3.70 | 1.57 ± 3.83 | 0.009 | 1.02 | 1.01, 1.04 |
Anxiety score (n = 5835) | −0.66 ± 3.55 | −0.83 ± 3.53 | −0.24 ± 3.55 | < 0.001 | 1.03 | 1.02, 1.05 |
Dynamometry | ||||||
Manual dynamometry, right hand (dekaNewton) (n = 5348) | 30.5 ± 11.7 | 32.2 ± 11.7 | 26.4 ± 10.7 | < 0.001 | 0.97 | 0.96, 0.98 |
Manual dynamometry, left (dekaNewton) (n = 5342) | 26.9 ± 11.3 | 28.6 ± 11.4 | 23.0 ± 10.1 | < 0.001 | 0.97 | 0.96, 0.98 |