Macrophage polarization in innate immune responses contributing to pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease

Lee, Hewang; Fessler, Michael B.; Qu, Peng; Heymann, Jurgen; Kopp, Jeffrey B.

doi:10.1186/s12882-020-01921-7

BMC Nephrology

Table 1 Mammalian Toll-like receptors [19,20,21]

From: Macrophage polarization in innate immune responses contributing to pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease

Toll-like receptor	Expression	Ligand	Signaling	Shaping adaptive immune responses
TLR1^a	Cell surface monocytes/macrophages dendritic cells B lymphocytes	triacyl lipopeptides lipoproteins lipoarabinomannan	MyD88	Th1 responses
TLR2	Cell surface monocytes/macrophages dendritic cells neutrophils mast cells	glycolipids lipopeptides lipoproteins lipoteichoic acid HSP70 β-glucan zymosan tGPI-mutin	MyD88	Th17 responses Treg responses B cell produce IgM
TLR3	Intracellular compartment dendritic cells B lymphocytes	dsRNA poly I:C	TRIF	MHC I antigen presentation TCR co-receptor CD8 T cell responses
TLR4	Cell surface monocytes/macrophages dendritic cells neutrophils mast cells B lymphocytes	lipopolysaccharides HSPs fibrinogen virus structural protein heparan sulfate hyaluronic acid Mannan nickel opioids glycoinositolphospholipids	MyD88/TIRAP TRIF/TRAM	Th1 responses TNF, IL-6 production B cell IgM production
TLR5	Cell surface monocytes/macrophages dendritic cells	flagellin profilin (controversial)	MyD88	TCR co-receptor Th1, Th17 B cell IgA production
TLR6^a	Cell surface monocytes/macrophages mast cells B lymphocytes	diacyl lipopeptides lipoprotein LTA PGN zymosan β-glucan	MyD88	Th1 responses
TLR7	Intracellular compartment monocytes/macrophages dendritic cells B lymphocytes	imidazoquinoline compound thiazoquinoline compound AZ12441970 loxoribine bropirimine ssRNA short dsRNA miRNA	MyD88	TCR co-receptor B cell maturation Th17 responses
TLR8	Intracellular compartment monocytes/macrophages dendritic cells mast cells	imidazoquinoline thiazoquinoline loxoribine bropirimine ssRNA(viral) RNA(bacterial) miRNA	MyD88	TCR co-receptor
TLR9	Intracellular compartment monocytes/macrophages dendritic cells B lymphocytes	CpG DNA hemozoin	MyD88	TCR co-receptor B cell maturation Th1 responses
TLR10	Cell surface monocytes/macrophages B lymphocytes	unknown	MyD88	unknown
TLR11	Intracellular compartment monocytes/macrophages	profilin profilin-like molecule	MyD88	Th1 responses IL-12-dependent resistance to T. gondii
TLR12	Intracellular compartment monocytes/macrophages dendritic cells	profilin	MyD88	IL-12-dependent resistance to T. gondii
TLR13	Intracellular compartment monocytes/macrophages dendritic cells	rRNA	MyD88 TAK-1	Antigen cross-presentation

The 13 Toll-like receptors shown here are expressed on the cell surface or within the cell (i.e., in endosomal membranes), by immune cells including monocyte/macrophages, lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and mast cells. Of note, TLR1–10 are expressed in both humans and mice, TLR11–13 are not expressed in humans, while mice express TLR11–13 with TLR10 is non-functional (pseudogene) [19]. These receptors trigger signaling via the pathways shown and the signals shape the response of other immune cells and immune functions as shown. ^a, indicates the TLR usually functions with formation of heterodimers, i.e., TLR1/TLR2 or TLR2/TLR6
Abbreviations: CD cluster of differentiation, HSP heat shock protein, IL interleukin, MHC major histocompatibility complex, MyD88 myeloid differentiation primary response 88, TAK1 transforming growth factor-Β- activated kinase 1, TCR T-cell receptor, Th T helper, TIR Toll/interleukin-1 receptor, TNF tumor necrosis factor, TRIF TIR domain-containing adaptor protein including IFN-β, TRAM TRIF-related adaptor molecule

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ISSN: 1471-2369

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