Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and its associated factors in Malaysia; findings from a nationwide population-based cross-sectional study

Saminathan, Thamil Arasu; Hooi, Lai Seong; Mohd Yusoff, Muhammad Fadhli; Ong, Loke Meng; Bavanandan, Sunita; Rodzlan Hasani, Wan Shakira; Tan, Esther Zhao Zhi; Wong, Irene; Rifin, Halizah Mat; Robert, Tania Gayle; Ismail, Hasimah; Wong, Norazizah Ibrahim; Ahmad, Ghazali; Ambak, Rashidah; Othman, Fatimah; Abd Hamid, Hamizatul Akmal; Aris, Tahir

doi:10.1186/s12882-020-01966-8

Table 1 Characteristics of the CKD study respondents

From: Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and its associated factors in Malaysia; findings from a nationwide population-based cross-sectional study

Sociodemographic characteristics	N = 890	%	Mean ± SD
Age (years)			48.8 ± 15.6
Gender
Male	366	41.1
Female	524	58.9
Race
Malay	590	66.3
Chinese	87	9.8
Indian	54	6.1
Indigenous (East Malaysia) ^a	147	16.5
Others	12	1.3
Education Attainment
No formal education	79	8.9
Primary	182	20.4
Secondary	426	47.9
Tertiary	203	22.8
Strata^b
Urban	370	41.6
Rural	520	58.4
Income Quartiles^c
Low (≤ RM 2613 per month)	578	64.9
Middle (RM 2614–10,455 per month)	284	31.9
High (≥ RM 10,456 per month)	28	3.1
Systolic BP (mm Hg)	889		135.6 ± 20.9
Diastolic BP (mm Hg)	889		80.0 ± 12.3
Hypertension	453	51.0
Random Blood Sugar (mmol/l)	890		6.5 ± 3.7
Diabetes mellitus	174	19.6
History of Illness
Previously diagnosed CKD (N = 834)	12	1.4
Hypercholesterolemia	256	32.6
(N = 785)
Cardiovascular disease	60	7.1
(N = 841)
Stroke (N = 840)	11.0	1.3
Family history of CKD (N = 871)	83	9.5
Painkiller Use in the previous 6 months	885
No	398	45.0
Yes	487	55.0
At least once a day	27	3.0
At least once a week	21	2.4
At least once a month	1	0.1
Less than once a month	372	42.0
Not specified	66	7.5
Traditional Medicine	883
No	772	87.4
Yes	111	12.6
At least once a day	55	6.2
At least once a week	19	2.2
At least once a month	19	2.2
Less than once a month	16	1.8
Not specified	2	0.2
Cigarette Smoking	890
Ever smoker	283	31.8
Current smoker	174	61.5
Non-current smoker	109	38.5
Never smoker	607	68.2
Physical Activity	890
Active	533	59.9
Inactive	357	40.1
BMI	890
Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m²)	39	4.4
Normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m²)	313	35.2
Overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m²)	319	35.8
Obesity (> 30.0 kg/m²)	219	24.6
Waist circumference (cm)	890
Male	366		90.8 ± 12.2
Female	524		89.1 ± 13.2
Abdominal obesity^d	890
Yes	588	66.1
No	302	33.9

^aThe states of Sabah and Sarawak are in northern Borneo
^bUrban = population ≥ 10,000 per enumeration block (EB), rural = population 1000–10,000 per EB
^cin 2018, 1 USD = 4.0 RM
^dWaist circumference > 90 cm in males and > 80 cm for females

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