Table 6 Factors associated with chronic kidney disease by univariate and multivariate analysis (N = 890)
Variable | N | % with CKD | p-value | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted ORa (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | < 0.001 | 1.08 (1.06,1.09) | < 0.001 | 1.06 (1.04,1.08) | ||
Gender | ||||||
Male | 59 | 16.1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Female | 99 | 18.9 | 0.287 | 1.21 (0.85,1.73) | 0.198 | 1.50 (0.81, 2.79) |
Race | ||||||
Malay | 110 | 18.6 | 1 | 1 | ||
Chinese | 11 | 12.6 | 0.176 | 0.63 (0.33, 1.23) | 0.196 | 0.60 (0.27, 1.31) |
Indian | 7 | 13.0 | 0.303 | 0.65 (0.29,1.48) | 0.204 | 0.53 (0.20, 1.42) |
Others | 30 | 18.9 | 0.949 | 1.02 (0.65, 1.59) | 0.153 | 1.53 (0.86, 2.73) |
Strata | ||||||
Urban | 56 | 15.1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Rural | 102 | 19.6 | 0.085 | 1.37 (0.96,1.96) | 0.141 | 1.42 (0.89,2.27) |
Household Income | ||||||
Low (<RM 2614 per month) | 112 | 19.4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Middle (RM 2614–10,455 per month) | 42 | 14.8 | 0.506 | 1.44 (0.49,4.24) | 0.133 | 1.48 (0.89, 2.45) |
High (≥RM 10456 per month) | 4 | 14.3 | 0.943 | 1.04 (0.34,3.15) | 0.307 | 1.93 (0.55, 6.87) |
Ever Cigarette Smoking | ||||||
Yes | 47 | 16.6 | 0.542 | 0.89 (0.61,1.30) | 0.251 | 1.46 (0.77, 2.78) |
No | 111 | 18.3 | 1 | 1 | ||
Physical Activity | ||||||
Active | 83 | 15.6 | 1 | 1 | ||
Inactive | 75 | 21.0 | 0.038 | 1.442 (1.02,2.04) | 0.368 | 1.23 (0.79, 1.91) |
Diabetes | ||||||
Yes | 80 | 46.0 | < 0.001 | 6.96 (4.76,10.18) | < 0.001 | 3.32 (2.20,5.03) |
No | 78 | 10.9 | 1 | 1 | ||
Hypertension | ||||||
Yes | 141 | 31.1 | < 0.001 | 11.14 (6.60,18.81) | < 0.001 | 3.72 (2.08,6.66) |
No | 17 | 3.9 | 1 | 1 | ||
Hypercholesterolemia | ||||||
Yes | 79 | 30.9 | < 0.001 | 3.08 (2.13,4.45) | 0.513 | 1.17 (0.73, 1.87) |
No | 67 | 12.7 | 1 | 1 | ||
Heart Disease | ||||||
Yes | 18 | 30.0 | 0.017 | 2.03 (1.14,3.64) | 0.152 | 0.58 (0.27, 1.22) |
No | 136 | 17.4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Family History of Kidney Disease | ||||||
Yes | 17 | 20.5 | 0.521 | 1.20 (0.68,2.11) | 0.099 | 1.89 (0.89, 4.01) |
No | 139 | 17.6 | 1 | 1 | ||
Painkiller Use | ||||||
Yes | 80 | 16.4 | 0.221 | 0.81 (0.57,1.14) | 0.723 | 1.08 (0.70, 1.68) |
No | 78 | 19.6 | 1 | 1 | ||
Traditional Medicine Use | ||||||
Yes | 17 | 15.3 | 0.468 | 0.82 (0.47,1.41) | 0.281 | 0.69 (0.35,1.36) |
No | 140 | 18.1 | 1 | 1 | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | < 0.001 | 1.07 (1.03,1.10) | 0.006 | 1.06 (1.02,1.10) | ||
Abdominal obesity | ||||||
Yes | 123 | 20.9 | 0.001 | 2.02 (1.35,3.02) | 0.260 | 0.68 (0.35, 1.33) |
No | 35 | 11.6 | 1 | 1 | ||