Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants
|  | (n = 87) |
|---|---|
Age (years) | 62.8 ± 13.7 |
Sex, male (%) | 70 (80.5) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.9 ± 4.1 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 131.2 ± 11.7 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 79.0 ± 11.2 |
CKD duration (months) | 70.0 ± 47.2 |
CKD stage | |
 Stage 3 (%) | 45 (51.7) |
 Stage 4 (%) | 38 (43.7) |
 Stage 5 (%) | 3 (3.4) |
Comorbidities (%) | |
 Hypertension | 67 (77.0) |
 Diabetes | 41 (48.3) |
 Cardiovascular disease | 13 (14.9) |
 Cerebrovascular disease | 10 (11.5) |
Laboratory data | |
 Indoxyl sulfate (mg/dL) | 0.46 ± 0.41 |
 BUN (mg/dL) | 35.1 ± 12.7 |
 Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 2.5 ± 0.8 |
 eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 31.6 ± 11.3 |
 Urine PCR (mg/g) | 3613.4 ± 4203.2 |
 Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.1 ± 2.0 |
 Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 3.6 ± 0.6 |
 Intact PTH (mg/dL) | 104.0 ± 101.3 |
 Uric acid (mg/dL) | 7.1 ± 1.8 |
 Albumin (g/dL) | 3.9 ± 0.6 |
 Serum Na (mmol/L) | 139.5 ± 2.5 |
 Serum K (mmol/L) | 4.8 ± 0.6 |
 Total CO2 (mmol/L) | 23.8 ± 3.3 |