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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of activated vitamin D users versus non-users according to status by landmark time

From: The use of activated vitamin D and risks of hospitalization for infection and amputation in incident hemodialysis patients in Taiwan: a nationwide population-based cohort study

 

Vitamin D users

Non-users

d*

N (%)

8151 (15.5)

44,606 (84.5)

 

Age, year

58.9 (14.1)

62.5 (13.3)

0.26

< 53

2847 (34.9)

10,949 (24.6)

0.25

≥ 53 and < 64

2128 (26.1)

11,653 (26.1)

 

≥ 64 and < 73

1749 (21.5)

11,325 (25.4)

 

≥ 73

1427 (17.5)

10,679 (23.9)

 

Gender (male)

3680 (45.2)

22,619 (50.7)

0.11

Comorbidities

DM

3327 (40.8)

26,616 (59.7)

0.38

CHF

2200 (27.0)

15,195 (34.1)

0.15

MI

1932 (23.7)

13,868 (31.1)

0.17

PVD

259 (3.2)

1509 (3.4)

0.01

CVD

774 (9.5)

7095 (15.9)

0.19

COPD

14 (0.2)

128 (0.3)

0.02

CTD

176 (2.2)

1021 (2.3)

< 0.01

PUD

1344 (16.5)

8023 (18.0)

0.04

Neoplasia

10 (0.1)

56 (0.1)

< 0.01

Chronic liver diseases

1001 (12.3)

5353 (12.0)

< 0.01

Vascular access type

  

0.15

AVF

6372 (78.2)

34,240 (76.7)

 

AVG

617 (7.6)

4308 (9.7)

 

Permanent catheter

116 (1.4)

1097 (2.5)

 

Double lumen catheter

539 (6.6)

3219 (7.2)

 

Unknown

507 (6.2)

1742 (3.9)

 

Hospital level

  

0.42

Medical centers

1683 (20.7)

4006 (8.9)

 

Regional hospitals

2499 (30.7)

10,462 (23.5)

 

Community hospitals

1267 (15.5)

8777 (19.7)

 

Clinics

2702 (33.1)

21,361 (47.9)

 

Urbanization level

  

0.35

Urban

4293 (52.7)

15,976 (35.8)

 

Suburban

1048 (12.9)

6453 (14.5)

 

Rural

108 (1.3)

816 (1.8)

 

Unknown

2702 (33.1)

21,361 (47.9)

 

Medications

Antiplatelets

3929 (48.2)

24,796 (55.6)

0.15

Aspirin / Clopidogrel

2324 (28.5)

15,600 (35.0)

0.14

Cilostazol

154 (1.9)

1146 (2.6)

0.05

Warfarin

143 (1.8)

988 (2.2)

0.03

Statins

1373 (16.8)

9535 (21.4)

0.12

Insulin

1615 (19.8)

12,898 (28.9)

0.21

OAD

1812 (22.2)

16,003 (35.9)

0.30

Metformin

179 (2.2)

1857 (4.2)

0.11

Sulfonylurea

917 (11.3)

8041 (18.0)

0.19

α-glucosidase inhibitors

148 (1.8)

1478 (3.3)

0.09

TZD

81 (1.0)

684 (1.5)

0.05

DPP-4 inhibitors

2 (0.02)

5 (0.01)

0.01

Meglitinides

485 (6.0)

3938 (8.8)

0.11

ACEI / ARB

3972 (48.7)

23,726 (53.2)

0.09

Beta-blockers

4173 (51.2)

24,243 (54.4)

0.06

Diuretics

5737 (70.4)

34,377 (77.1)

0.15

ESA

1887 (23.2)

10,133 (22.7)

0.01

Ca-based P-binders

5027 (61.7)

20,321 (45.6)

0.32

  1. Note:
  2. (1) The landmark time is the 360th day of initiation of hemodialysis
  3. (2) Values for categorical variables are given as numbers (percent); for continuous variables, as means (standard deviation)
  4. Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; CHF, congestive heart failure; MI, myocardial infarction; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; CVD, cerebrovascular disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CTD, connective tissue disease including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, etc.; PUD, peptic ulcer disease; Chronic liver diseases: chronic viral hepatitis, cirrhosis and its complications; AVF: arteriovenous fistula; AVG: arteriovenous graft
  5. OAD, oral antidiabetic drugs; TZD, thiazolidinediones; DPP-4 inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors; ACEI / ARB, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers; ESA, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents; Ca-based P-binders, calcium-based phosphate binders
  6. * Standardized difference (d): statistically significantly different between two comparison groups if d > 0.10
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BMC Nephrology

ISSN: 1471-2369

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