Table 1 Characteristics of the observational studies
Study (design) | Country | Sample size (male %); Population | BMD assessment techniques (anatomical sites) | Bone biomarkers | PA assessment method | Results BMD | Results Bone biomarkers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dolgos et al. 2008 [20] (Cross-sectional) | Norway | n = 108 (68%) Kidney Transplant | DXA – Lunar (LS, proximal femur both sides, and total body) | iPTH | Self-report questionnaire Physical active vs. physical Inactive (defined as regular weight-bearing physical exercise performed at least twice a week for 30 min) | Association with total body BMD No association with LS and proximal femur BMD | No association with iPTH |
Huang et al. 2009 [22] (Cross-sectional) | Taiwan | n = 35 HD | DXA – Hologic (LS and FN) | iPTH ALP | Self-report interview questionnaire Total weekly exercise time (min/week): regular exercise (yes or no), exercise type (impact or non-impact) and effective exercise time (min/week) | Positive association with all BMD outcomes | No association with all bone biomarkers |
Morishita et al. 2014 [24] (Cross-sectional) | Japan | n = 32 (56%) HD | – | BALP iP1NP TRAP-5b iPTH | Device- Triaxial pedometer Vigorous and moderate PA volumes per week | – | No association with all bone biomarkers |
Ota et al. 1997 [25] (Cross-sectional) | Japan | n = 32 (0%) HD | DXA – Lunar (Total body and LS) | iPTH OC ALP TRAP-5b | Device – Accelerometer Total energy expenditure per day (Kcal) for 7 days - mean energy expenditure per day | Positive association with total body BMD No association with LS BMD | No association with all bone biomarkers |
Groth et al. 1995 [21] (Longitudinal - 2-year follow-up) | Germany | n = 115 (61%) Kidney Transplant | DXA- Lunar (LS) | ALP iPTH OC | Self-report questionnaire Estimated energy spending during sports | Positive association with bone gain (r = 0.2, p < 0.05) | No association with all bone biomarkers |
Malluche et al. 2017 [23] (Longitudinal - 1-year follow-up) | USA | n = 45 HD | DXA - Lunar and QCT (LS and proximal femur) | TRAP-5b; BALP P1NP; Sclerostin DKK1; FGF-23 iPTH | Self-report questionnaire Exercised 1+ days/week | No association with bone loss | No association with all bone biomarkers |