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Table 2 Characteristics of the experimental studies

From: Impact of physical activity and exercise on bone health in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review of observational and experimental studies

Study (design)

Country

Sample size (male %) Population

BMD assessment techniques (anatomical sites)

Bone biomarkers

Exercise intervention

Results BMD

Results Bone biomarkers

Eatemadololama et al. 2017 [26] (RCT)

Iran

n = 24

CG = 12

EG = 12

Kidney Transplant

DXA – Hologic

(proximal femur and LS)

Resistance exercise (10 min stretching exercises, 10 min walking, 10 min cycling, 20 min RE for UL, 20 min RE for LL; RE intensity 50% of 1RM increasing 5 to 10%; 2 days/week; 12 weeks)

EG: ↑ proximal femur

= LS

CG: ↓ proximal femur

↓ LS

EG vs CG: no comparison

Gomes et al. 2017 [27] (RCT)

Brazil

n = 39 (71%)

CG = 15

EG = 24

CKD Stages 3–4

TRAP-5b

PTH

Sclerostin

ALP

OC

Aerobic exercise (40–60% of maximum VO2; 30 min; 3 days/week; 24 weeks)

EG: ↑ ALP

CG: = all biomarkers

EG vs CG: ↑ ALP (favouring EG)

Liao et al. 2016 [28] (RCT)

Taiwan

n = 40 (43%)

CG = 20

EG = 20

HD

DXA (LS and FN)

iPTH

Intradialytic aerobic exercise (12–15 BPES; 30 min; 3 days/week; 12 weeks)

EG: = all bone sites

CG: = all bone sites

EG vs CG: ↑ FN BMD loss (favouring CG)

EG: = all biomarkers

CG: = all biomarkers

EG vs CG: no comparison

Marinho et al. 2016 [29] (RCT)

Brazil

n = 13 (46%)

CG = 7

EG = 6

HD

iPTH

BALP

Sclerostin

Intradialytic resistance exercise (60–70% of 3RM; 4 exercises; 3 days/week; 8 weeks)

EG: ↑ BALP

CG: = all biomarkers

EG vs CG: no comparison

Rosa et al. 2018 [30] (RCT)

Brazil

n = 52 (67%)

CG = 24

EG = 28

HD

DXA – Hologic (Total body - BMC)

Intradialytic resistance exercise (60% of 1RM; 40-50 min; 3 days/week; 12 weeks)

EG: = total body BMC

CG: = total body BMC

EG vs CG: ↑ BMC (favouring EG)

Effect size = 0.65

Marinho et al. 2017 [32] (Non-RCT)

Brazil

n = 26 (65%)

CG = 12

EG = 14

HD

OC

OPN

OPG

iPTH

Intradialytic resistance exercise (60–70% of 1RM; 4 exercises; 3 sets; 10 repetitions; 3 days/week; 24 weeks)

EG: ↑ OPG

CG: = all biomarkers

EG vs CG: no comparison

Marinho et al. 2016 [31] (Non-RCT)

Brazil

n = 21 (67%)

CG = 11

EG = 10

HD

DXA – Lunar (FN, LS, proximal femur and total body)

PTH

Intradialytic resistance exercise (60–70% of 1RM; 4 exercises; 3 sets; 10 repetitions; 3 days/week; 24 weeks)

EG: ↑ femoral neck

CG: = all bone sites

EG vs CG: no comparison

EG: = PTH

CG: no comparison

EG vs CG: no comparison

  1. ALP Alkaline Phosphatase, BALP Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase, BMD Bone Mineral Density, BMC Bone Mineral Content, BPES Borg Perceived Exertion Scale, CG Control Group, DXA Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, EG Exercise Group, FN Femoral Neck, HD Haemodialysis, iPTH Intact Parathyroid Hormone, LL Lower Limb, LS Lumbar Spine, OC Osteocalcin, OPG Osteoprotegerin, OPN Osteopontin, P1NP Procollagen type I N-terminal Propeptide, PTH Parathyroid Hormone, RE Resistance Exercise, RM One Repetition Maximum, TRAP-5b Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b, UL Upper Limb, ↑ significant increase, = no change, ↓ significant decrease