Table 2 Associations between sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics and eGFR/eGFR< 90 in participants without diabetes, hypertension, proteinuria, n = 821

Age ^c (per 10-year increase)

−8.73 (−9.37, −8.09)

−8.86 (−9.60, −8.15)

3.21 (2.49, 4.29)

3.59 (2.58, 5.21)

 Male

0.02 (−1.62, 1.68)

−0.45 (−2.40, 1.47)

0.76 (0.34, 1.67)

1.44 (0.48, 5.05)

 Female

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Urban (Area 25)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Rural (Bonje)

3.85 (2.05, 5.64)

3.82 (1.51, 6.32)

0.69 (0.27, 1.92)

1.75 (0.50, 6.30)

 ≤ 5

4.51 (1.10, 7.93)

4.29 (0.77, 7.69)

0.55 (0.14, 2.02)

0.64 (0.14, 2.56)

 > 5 ≤ 10

1.29 (−0.56, 3.15)

1.31 (− 0.57, 3.18)

0.78 (0.30, 2.03)

0.86 (0.31, 2.39)

 > 10

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Agricultural worker

−1.06 (−3.14, 1.01)

− 1.11 (− 3.20, 1.02)

0.44 (0.17, 1.21)

0.42 (0.15, 1.17)

 Non-agricultural worker

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Unknown

−1.86 (−7.60, 3.87)

−2.26 (−8.01, 3.50)

1.39 (0.06, 13.66)

2.21 (0.09, 20.58)

 MK 0 ≤ 20,000

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 MK > 20,000

−0.34 (−2.16, 1.47)

− 0.01 (− 1.85, 1.87)

1.32 (0.54, 3.23)

1.05 (0.40, 2.78)

 5 kg/m² increase

−0.99 (−2.8, 0.09)

− 0.94 (− 2.02, 0.17)

2.00 (1.29 3.15)

2.01 (1.27, 3.43)

 (Per 5 kg increase)

−0.02 (− 0.07, 0.02)

−0.02 (− 0.07, 0.02)

1.00 (0.00, 1.02)

0.99 (0.03, 1.03)

 Non-smoker or alcohol drinker

−1.49 (−3.57, 0.59)

− 1.43 (− 3.50, 0.70)

2.07 (0.72, 6.64)

2.06 (0.68, 7.06)

 Smoker and alcohol drinker

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

−0.40 (−2.32, 1.51)

− 0.33 (− 2.27, 1.65)

1.34 (0.58, 3.39)

1.04 (0.43, 2.72)

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref