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Table 1 Descriptive statistics of the pooled sample from 2008 to 2016 (N = 591,683)

From: Prospective payment system and racial/ethnic disparities: a national retrospective observational study in anaemia complication among end-stage renal disease patients in the US

 

White American (n = 235,227)

Native American (n = 5621)

Black American (n = 216,784)

Asian American (n = 20,342)

Hispanic American (n = 97,220)

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

N

%

Female

108,233

46.0

3131

55.7

113,531

52.4

10,293

50.6

47,310

48.7

Age at admission (Mean SD)

64.2

15.9

58.0

14.7

57.0

15.7

64.8

15.7

57.5

16.4

Insurance type

 Medicare

192,021

81.6

4346

77.3

165,094

76.2

14,701

72.3

61,433

63.2

 Medicaid

12,233

5.2

658

11.7

29,473

13.6

2824

13.9

20,835

21.4

 Private insurance

26,433

11.2

400

7.1

17,696

8.2

2223

10.9

8208

8.4

 Others

4540

1.9

217

3.9

4521

2.1

594

2.9

6744

6.9

Location

 Central counties

55,501

23.6

1201

21.4

102,810

47.4

11,910

58.6

53,108

54.6

 Large metro

63,697

27.1

581

10.3

45,326

20.9

3938

19.4

13,844

14.2

 Medium metro

48,347

20.6

968

17.2

32,097

14.8

3247

16.0

20,148

20.7

 Small metro

24,072

10.2

690

12.3

15,787

7.3

619

3.0

4954

5.1

 Micropolitan

26,629

11.3

1199

21.3

13,019

6.0

561

2.8

3724

3.8

 Not metropolitan or Micropolitan

16,981

7.2

982

17.5

7745

3.6

67

0.3

1442

1.5

Median household income for patient’s ZIP Codea

 First quartile

63,311

26.9

3039

54.1

118,330

54.6

3338

16.4

43,100

44.3

 Second quartile

65,208

27.7

1368

24.3

45,241

20.9

4065

20.0

23,166

23.8

 Third quartile

59,311

25.2

846

15.1

33,093

15.3

5766

28.4

20,292

20.9

 Fourth quartile

47,397

20.2

368

6.6

20,120

9.3

7173

35.3

10,662

11.0

 Elective admission

21,180

9.0

495

8.8

12,859

5.9

1208

5.9

6664

6.9

 ACCI (Mean SD)

6.4

2.5

5.7

2.2

5.6

2.4

6.4

2.5

5.6

2.4

RRT modality

 Transplantation

13,443

5.7

214

3.8

7379

3.4

1107

5.4

3878

4.0

 Hemodialysis

208,911

88.8

5197

92.5

201,176

92.8

18,140

89.2

89,591

92.2

 Peritoneal analysis

12,873

5.5

210

3.7

8229

3.8

1095

5.4

3751

3.9

Diabetes without complications

 Yes

59,358

25.2

1642

29.2

58,213

26.9

5792

28.5

28,333

29.1

Diabetes with complications

 Yes

64,978

27.6

2398

42.7

51,406

23.7

6839

33.6

33,745

34.7

Anaemia due to CKD

 Yes

88,791

37.8

2380

42.3

83,310

38.4

8730

42.9

40,428

41.6

Iron deficiency

 Yes

4331

1.8

93

1.7

4027

1.9

346

1.7

1741

1.8

Die during hospitalization

 Yes

5123

2.2

67

1.2

2459

1.1

351

1.7

1120

1.2

Discharge destination: Health care facility

 Yes

96,895

41.2

1460

26.0

69,638

32.1

6482

31.9

25,214

25.9

Hospital characteristics

 Private hospital

189,042

80.4

4596

81.8

168,488

77.7

16,140

79.3

74,132

76.3

 Hospital in urban area

192,126

81.7

4262

75.8

181,126

83.6

17,970

88.3

85,945

88.4

 Teaching hospital

109,764

46.7

2674

47.6

124,544

57.5

10,127

49.8

48,633

50.0

  1. Note: aIncome quartiles presented in this table are the estimated median household income of residents in the patient’s ZIP Code. The quartiles are identified by values of 1 to 4 indicating the poorest (first quartile) to wealthiest populations (fourth quartile)