Prospective payment system and racial/ethnic disparities: a national retrospective observational study in anaemia complication among end-stage renal disease patients in the US

Table 2 Relative likelihood of inpatient CKD-related anaemia among ESRD admissions by ethnicity

	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4
	OR	95% CI		OR	95% CI		OR	95% CI		OR	95% CI
White Americans		(Reference)			(Reference)			(Reference)			(Reference)
Native Americans	1.35^***	1.30	1.40	1.23^***	1.18	1.28	1.29^***	1.24	1.34	1.20^***	1.15	1.25
Black Americans	1.04^***	1.04	1.05	1.04^***	1.03	1.05	1.04^***	1.03	1.05	1.04^***	1.03	1.05
Asian Americans	1.23^***	1.21	1.26	1.20^***	1.18	1.23	1.21^***	1.19	1.24	1.20^***	1.17	1.22
Hispanic Americans	1.17^***	1.16	1.18	1.13^***	1.12	1.15	1.13^***	1.12	1.14	1.12^***	1.10	1.13

Note: Model 1: unadjusted model logistic regression model. Model 2, 3, 4: linear splines with one knot placed at 2011 and logistic regression models. Model 2: adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic variables (insurance type, gender, age at admission, median household income for patient’s ZIP Code, location). Model 3: adjusted for clinical variables (renal replacement therapies, iron deficiency, proteinuria, age adjusted comorbidity score ACCI, hospital characteristics, diabetes with or without complications). Model 4: fully adjusted model for all demographic, socioeconomic and clinical variables.* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. CI – Confidence intervals

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