| Controls | CKD |  | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline (n = 54) | Year 5 | P-value timea | Baseline (n = 52) | Year 5 | P-value timea | P-value groupb | P-value group*timec | Covariatesd | |
Peak workload (W) | 237 (225–249) | 233 (221–245) | 0.3 | 195 (184–207) | 190 (178–202) | 0.2 | <  0.001/<  0.001 | 0.8 | Age, sex, height |
 |  | n = 40 |  |  | n = 45 |  |  |  |  |
Peak heart rate (bpm) | 175 (171–179) | 171 (167–176) | 0.04 | 161 (157–165) | 160 (155–164) | 0.3 | <  0.001/0.001 | 0.4 | Age, BB medication |
 |  | n = 40 |  |  | n = 43 |  |  |  |  |
HR reserve (bpm) | 99 (94–104) | 102 (96–107) | 0.4 | 91 (86–96) | 89 (84–95) | 0.5 | 0.03/0.002 | 0.2 | Age, BB medication |
 |  | n = 40 |  |  | n = 43 |  |  |  |  |
Handgrip strength (kg) | 44(43–46) | 43 (41–44) | 0.006 | 41 (39–42) | 41 (39–42) | 0.8 | <  0.001/0.07 | 0.06 | Age, sex, height |
 |  | n = 40 |  |  | n = 48 |  |  |  |  |
LV systolic function LVEF (%) | 65 (63–68) | 61 (59–64) | < 0.001 | 62 (60–65) | 61 (58–63) | 0.1 | 0.06/0.7 | 0.1 | * |
 |  | n = 41 |  |  | n = 45 |  |  |  |  |
LV diastolic function E/é | 5.0 (4.7–5.4) | 5.7 (5.3–6.1) | < 0.001 | 5.6 (5.3–6.0) | 5.9 (5.6–6.3) | 0.06 | 0.01/0.3 | 0.1 | Age |
 |  | n = 43 |  |  | n = 46 |  |  |  |  |
RV systolic function TAPSE (cm) | 2.5 (2.4–2.6) | 2.5 (2.4–2.6) | 0.4 | 2.3 (2.2–2.4) | 2.4 (2.3–2.5) | 0.09 | 0.06/0.2 | 0.6 | * |
 |  | n = 43 |  |  | n = 45 |  |  |  |  |
Vascular function Ep ((N/m2) × 104)e | 5.8 (5.4–6.3) | 6.0 (5.5–6.6) | 0.5 | 6.5 (5.8–7.1) | 6.8 (6.2–7.4) | 0.4 | 0.06/0.08 | 1 | Age |
 |  | n = 43 |  |  | n = 47 |  |  |  |  |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 96 (92–100) | 92 (87–96) | 0.03 | 59 (55–62) | 50 (46–54) | < 0.001 | <  0.001/<  0.001 | 0.05 |  |
 |  | n = 43 |  |  | n = 47 |  |  |  |  |
Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.2 (13.8–14.5) | 14.7 (14.3–15.0) | 0.002 | 13.6 (13.3–13.9) | 13.9 (13.6–14.2) | 0.04 | 0.01/0.001 | 1 | Sex |
 |  | n = 40 |  |  | n = 49 |  |  |  |  |
Hs-CRP (mg/L)e | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.9 | 1.9 (1.4–2.6) | 1.8 (1.4–2.4) | 0.8 | 0.002/0.006 | 0.8 |  |
 |  | n = 43 |  |  | n = 49 |  |  |  |  |