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Table 2 Functional measurements at baseline and 5-year follow-up

From: Aerobic exercise capacity is maintained over a 5-year period in mild-to-moderate chronic kidney disease: a longitudinal study

 

Controls

CKD

 

Baseline

(n = 54)

Year 5

P-value timea

Baseline

(n = 52)

Year 5

P-value timea

P-value groupb

P-value group*timec

Covariatesd

Peak workload (W)

237 (225–249)

233 (221–245)

0.3

195 (184–207)

190 (178–202)

0.2

<  0.001/<  0.001

0.8

Age, sex, height

  

n = 40

  

n = 45

    

Peak heart rate (bpm)

175 (171–179)

171 (167–176)

0.04

161 (157–165)

160 (155–164)

0.3

<  0.001/0.001

0.4

Age, BB medication

  

n = 40

  

n = 43

    

HR reserve (bpm)

99 (94–104)

102 (96–107)

0.4

91 (86–96)

89 (84–95)

0.5

0.03/0.002

0.2

Age, BB medication

  

n = 40

  

n = 43

    

Handgrip strength (kg)

44(43–46)

43 (41–44)

0.006

41 (39–42)

41 (39–42)

0.8

<  0.001/0.07

0.06

Age, sex, height

  

n = 40

  

n = 48

    

LV systolic function LVEF (%)

65 (63–68)

61 (59–64)

< 0.001

62 (60–65)

61 (58–63)

0.1

0.06/0.7

0.1

*

  

n = 41

  

n = 45

    

LV diastolic function E/é

5.0 (4.7–5.4)

5.7 (5.3–6.1)

< 0.001

5.6 (5.3–6.0)

5.9 (5.6–6.3)

0.06

0.01/0.3

0.1

Age

  

n = 43

  

n = 46

    

RV systolic function TAPSE (cm)

2.5 (2.4–2.6)

2.5 (2.4–2.6)

0.4

2.3 (2.2–2.4)

2.4 (2.3–2.5)

0.09

0.06/0.2

0.6

*

  

n = 43

  

n = 45

    

Vascular function Ep ((N/m2) × 104)e

5.8 (5.4–6.3)

6.0 (5.5–6.6)

0.5

6.5 (5.8–7.1)

6.8 (6.2–7.4)

0.4

0.06/0.08

1

Age

  

n = 43

  

n = 47

    

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

96 (92–100)

92 (87–96)

0.03

59 (55–62)

50 (46–54)

< 0.001

<  0.001/<  0.001

0.05

 
  

n = 43

  

n = 47

    

Haemoglobin (g/dL)

14.2 (13.8–14.5)

14.7 (14.3–15.0)

0.002

13.6 (13.3–13.9)

13.9 (13.6–14.2)

0.04

0.01/0.001

1

Sex

  

n = 40

  

n = 49

    

Hs-CRP (mg/L)e

1.0 (0.7–1.3)

1.0 (0.8–1.3)

0.9

1.9 (1.4–2.6)

1.8 (1.4–2.4)

0.8

0.002/0.006

0.8

 
  

n = 43

  

n = 49

    
  1. BB beta-blocker; bpm beats per minute; CKD chronic kidney disease; E/é left-ventricular early filling velocity/early diastolic myocardial velocity (a variable of left-ventricular diastolic function); eGFR glomerular filtration rate estimated by CKD–EPI; Ep pressure strain elastic modulus in the carotid artery; HR heart rate; hs-CRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LV left ventricular; LVEF left-ventricular ejection fraction; n number; RV right ventricular; TAPSE tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (a variable of right-ventricular systolic function)
  2. Values reported as mean (95% confidence interval). P-value: linear mixed models. Mean values are adjusted for covariates
  3. aSignificance of the change over time in the control group and the CKD group, respectively
  4. bSignificance of the difference between the control group and the CKD group at baseline/year 5
  5. cSignificance of the difference in change over time between the CKD group and the control group
  6. dBaseline values are used as fixed covariates
  7. eValues presented in the table are the calculated anti-logs of the log-scale estimates that were used in linear mixed models analyses
  8. * Age was tested as a covariate but was not significant