Fig. 5

Association between stage of kidney disease and HR-Hope scores. Red squares: unadjusted models. Blue circles: models adjusted for age, sex, performance status, presence of family, and working status (adjusted model 1). Green triangles: models adjusted for all of the variables listed above, and also for primary renal disease, diabetes, coronary artery disease, and cerebrovascular disease (adjusted model 2). Vertical axis indicates mean difference in HR-Hope scores. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. The stages of kidney disease shown here are non-dialysis stages 2 and 3 (combined), which is the reference category, non-dialysis stage 4, non-dialysis stage 5, stage 5D with dialysis duration no longer than 1 year, stage 5D with dialysis duration greater than 1 but no longer than 3 years, and stage 5D with dialysis duration greater than 3 years. Mean differences estimated via general linear models (n = 458). HR-Hope: health-related hope