| Cystatin C |  | ACR |  | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | ≤0.87 (N = 358) | 0.88–1.01 (N = 327) | > 1.02 (N = 347) | P value | Normal (N = 888) | Microalbuminuria (N = 119) | Macroalbuminuria (N = 25) | P value |
Socio-demographic factors | ||||||||
 Age (years) | 63.88 ± 8.17 | 66.65 ± 5.74 | 72.83 ± 9.69 | < 0.001 | 66.78 ± 9.36 | 73.81 ± 9.92 | 74.19 ± 9.53 | < 0.001 |
Sex |  |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Men | 100 (27.93) | 151 (46.18) | 218 (62.82) |  | 377 (42.45) | 77 (64.71) | 15 (60.00) |  |
 Women | 258 (72.07) | 176 (53.82) | 129 (37.18) |  | 511 (57.55) | 42 (35.29) | 10 (40.00) |  |
Lifestyle behaviors | ||||||||
 Smoking | 4 (1.12) | 23 (7.03) | 21 (6.05) | < 0.001 | 38 (4.28) | 8 (6.72) | 2 (8.00) | 0.36 |
 Alcohol drinking | 25 (6.98) | 37 (11.31) | 34 (9.8) | 0.14 | 78 (8.78) | 17 (14.29) | 1 (4.00) | 0.10 |
 Physical activity | 291 (81.28) | 264 (80.73) | 255 (73.49) | 0.02 | 704 (79.28) | 90 (75.63) | 16 (64.00) | 0.13 |
Metabolic Syndrome components | ||||||||
 Hyperglycemia | 110 (30.73) | 107 (32.72) | 156 (44.96) | < 0.001 | 295 (33.22) | 63 (52.94) | 15 (60.00) | < 0.001 |
 Hypertriglyceridemia | 96 (26.82) | 104 (31.8) | 126 (36.31) | 0.03 | 265 (29.84) | 49 (41.18) | 12 (48.00) | 0.009 |
 Hypertension | 200 (55.87) | 213 (65.14) | 269 (77.52) | < 0.001 | 554 (62.39) | 107 (89.92) | 21 (84.00) | < 0.001 |
 Abdominal obesity | 256 (71.51) | 227 (69.42) | 214 (61.67) | 0.01 | 599 (67.45) | 77 (64.71) | 21 (84.00) | 0.17 |
 Low HDL cholesterol | 116 (32.4) | 133 (40.67) | 158 (45.53) | 0.002 | 335 (37.73) | 55 (46.22) | 17 (68.00) | 0.003 |
Biochemical lab parameters | ||||||||
 Fasting insulin (IU/L) | 5.21 (3.26) | 5.74 (3.49) | 7.81 (12.52) | < 0.001 | 5.72 (3.51) | 7.85 (9.87) | 17.62 (39.34) | < 0.001 |
 hs-CRP (mg/L) | 0.13 (0.25) | 0.15 (0.26) | 0.27 (0.81) | < 0.001 | 0.17 (0.48) | 0.28 (0.74) | 0.20 (0.35) | 0.10 |
IMT measurements | ||||||||
 IMT-Mean (μm) | 1417.65 ± 531.28 | 1570.82 ± 644.37 | 1947.09 ± 821.41 | < 0.001 | 1576.36 ± 671.91 | 2050.36 ± 809.16 | 2120.52 ± 776.11 | < 0.001 |
 IMT-Maximum (μm) | 926.32 ± 196.75 | 999.17 ± 274.33 | 1138.98 ± 334.66 | < 0.001 | 993.08 ± 268.27 | 1176.91 ± 339.45 | 1266.72 ± 339.83 | < 0.001 |