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Table 1 Characteristics of study subjects according to cystatin C and albumin-to-creatinine ratio

From: Independent associations of urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio and serum cystatin C with carotid intima-media thickness in community-living Taiwanese adults

 

Cystatin C

 

ACR

 

Variables

≤0.87

(N = 358)

0.88–1.01

(N = 327)

> 1.02

(N = 347)

P value

Normal

(N = 888)

Microalbuminuria

(N = 119)

Macroalbuminuria

(N = 25)

P value

Socio-demographic factors

 Age (years)

63.88 ± 8.17

66.65 ± 5.74

72.83 ± 9.69

< 0.001

66.78 ± 9.36

73.81 ± 9.92

74.19 ± 9.53

< 0.001

Sex

   

< 0.001

   

< 0.001

 Men

100 (27.93)

151 (46.18)

218 (62.82)

 

377 (42.45)

77 (64.71)

15 (60.00)

 

 Women

258 (72.07)

176 (53.82)

129 (37.18)

 

511 (57.55)

42 (35.29)

10 (40.00)

 

Lifestyle behaviors

 Smoking

4 (1.12)

23 (7.03)

21 (6.05)

< 0.001

38 (4.28)

8 (6.72)

2 (8.00)

0.36

 Alcohol drinking

25 (6.98)

37 (11.31)

34 (9.8)

0.14

78 (8.78)

17 (14.29)

1 (4.00)

0.10

 Physical activity

291 (81.28)

264 (80.73)

255 (73.49)

0.02

704 (79.28)

90 (75.63)

16 (64.00)

0.13

Metabolic Syndrome components

 Hyperglycemia

110 (30.73)

107 (32.72)

156 (44.96)

< 0.001

295 (33.22)

63 (52.94)

15 (60.00)

< 0.001

 Hypertriglyceridemia

96 (26.82)

104 (31.8)

126 (36.31)

0.03

265 (29.84)

49 (41.18)

12 (48.00)

0.009

 Hypertension

200 (55.87)

213 (65.14)

269 (77.52)

< 0.001

554 (62.39)

107 (89.92)

21 (84.00)

< 0.001

 Abdominal obesity

256 (71.51)

227 (69.42)

214 (61.67)

0.01

599 (67.45)

77 (64.71)

21 (84.00)

0.17

 Low HDL cholesterol

116 (32.4)

133 (40.67)

158 (45.53)

0.002

335 (37.73)

55 (46.22)

17 (68.00)

0.003

Biochemical lab parameters

 Fasting insulin (IU/L)

5.21 (3.26)

5.74 (3.49)

7.81 (12.52)

< 0.001

5.72 (3.51)

7.85 (9.87)

17.62 (39.34)

< 0.001

 hs-CRP (mg/L)

0.13 (0.25)

0.15 (0.26)

0.27 (0.81)

< 0.001

0.17 (0.48)

0.28 (0.74)

0.20 (0.35)

0.10

IMT measurements

 IMT-Mean (μm)

1417.65 ± 531.28

1570.82 ± 644.37

1947.09 ± 821.41

< 0.001

1576.36 ± 671.91

2050.36 ± 809.16

2120.52 ± 776.11

< 0.001

 IMT-Maximum (μm)

926.32 ± 196.75

999.17 ± 274.33

1138.98 ± 334.66

< 0.001

993.08 ± 268.27

1176.91 ± 339.45

1266.72 ± 339.83

< 0.001

  1. Differences in continuous variables were tested using student t test. Differences in categorical variables were tested using the Chi-square test
  2. HDL High-density lipoprotein, hs-CRP high sensitivity C-reactive protein, IMT intima-media thickness, ACR albumin-to-creatinine ration