Table 2 Final set of CKD-specific PSIs by ATC drug class and further subdivision to most frequently featured medication classes in each ATC category
ATC drug class | CKD-specific PSIs (n, %) | Top 5 medications in the ATC drug class | Number of CKD-specific PSIs (n, % of total 841 PSIs) |
|---|---|---|---|
Cardiovascular system | 219 (26.0) | Agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system | 81 (9.6) |
Diuretics | 48 (5.7) | ||
Lipid modifying agents | 44 (5.2) | ||
Beta blocking agents | 14 (1.7) | ||
Digitalis glycosides | 11 (1.3) | ||
Nervous system | 113 (13.4) | Antidepressants | 36 (4.3) |
Antiepileptics | 21 (2.5) | ||
Opioids | 19 (2.3) | ||
Antipsychotics | 7 (0.8) | ||
Anxiolytics | 6 (0.7) | ||
Blood and blood forming organs | 104 (12.4) | Direct factor Xa inhibitors | 36 (4.3) |
Direct thrombin inhibitors | 31 (3.7) | ||
Antithrombotic agents | 9 (1.1) | ||
Heparins | 7 (0.8) | ||
Other antianaemic preparations | 7 (0.8) | ||
Alimentary and metabolism | 101 (12.0) | Sulfonylureas | 19 (2.3) |
DPP-4 inhibitors | 12 (1.4) | ||
GLP-1 analogues | 12 (1.4) | ||
Biguanides | 10 (1.2) | ||
SGLT2 inhibitors | 7 (0.8) | ||
Anti-infectives for systemic use | 95 (11.3) | Other antibacterials | 16 (1.9) |
Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors | 13 (1.5) | ||
Beta-lactam antibacterials, penicillins | 7 (0.8) | ||
Other beta-lactam antibacterials | 7 (0.8) | ||
Macrolides | 7 (0.8) | ||
Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents | 81 (9.6) | Other anti-neoplastic agents | 27 (3.2) |
Alkylating agents | 16 (1.9) | ||
Anti-metabolites | 14 (1.7) | ||
Cytotoxic antibiotics and related substances | 9 (1.1) | ||
Plant alkaloids and other natural products | 6 (0.7) | ||
Musculo-skeletal system | 68 (8.1) | Anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic products, non steroids | 28 (3.3) |
Bisphosphonates | 21 (2.5) | ||
Antigout preparations | 14 (1.7) | ||
Other centrally acting agents | 2 (0.2) | ||
Other drugs affecting bone structure and mineralisation | 2 (0.2) | ||
Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents | 15 (1.8) | Aminoquinolones | 7 (0.8) |
Biguanides | 6 (0.7) | ||
Agents against leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis | 1 (0.1) | ||
Genito-urinary and sex hormones | 14 (1.7) | Drugs for urinary frequency/incontinence | 8 (1.0) |
Drugs for erectile dysfunction | 4 (0.5) | ||
Other urologicals | 1 (0.1) | ||
Sex hormones | 1 (0.1) | ||
Miscellaneous | 14 (1.7) | Miscellaneous | 14 (1.7) |
Respiratory system | 6 (0.7) | Antihistamines for systemic use | 5 (0.6) |
Anticholinergics | 1 (0.1) | ||
Various | 6 (0.7) | Drugs for treatment of hyperkalemia and hyperphosphatemia | 5 (0.6) |
Other renal system diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals | 1 (0.1) | ||
Systemic hormonal preparations | 4 (0.5) | Parathyroid hormones and analogues | 2 (0.2) |
Glucocorticoids | 1 (0.1) | ||
Somatostatin and analogues | 1 (0.1) | ||
Sensory organs | 1 (0.1) | Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics | 1 (0.1) |
Dermatologicals | 0 | – | 0 |