Table 3 Eligibility criteria for patients with chronic kidney disease and care providers

Inclusion criteria

• Patients:

 (1) aged over 18 years old;

 (2) a diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) with markers of kidney damage or a glomerular filtration rate of less than 60 ml/min/1.73m² persisting for ≥3 months based on Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines [6];

 (3) all CKD stages (stage 1–5) following the KDIGO staging of CKD [6];

 (4) Chinese speaking.

• Health care providers

 (1) who work in the Department of Nephrology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University

 (2) are able to implement the intervention in their daily practice

Exclusion criteria

• Individuals unable to provide written informed consent and use electronic application due to physical disabilities such as eyesight problems or mental disabilities such as psychosis, personality disorders or schizophrenia (final decision for exclusion will be made by the treating physician)

• Individuals unable to write or read.