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Table 1 Baseline data and outcomes

From: The effect of glucocorticoids on serum cystatin C in identifying acute kidney injury: a propensity-matched cohort study

Variables

Before matching

After matching

Corticosteroid users (n = 240)

Non-users (n = 2476)

P value

Corticosteroid users (n = 240)

Non-users (n = 960)

P value

Cumulative dose of prednisone, mg

133.3 (50.0–300.0)

0

 

133.3 (50.0–300.0)

0

 

Baseline characteristics

 Age, years

55.0 (44.0–65.0)

55.0 (43.0–65.0)

0.949

55.0 (44.0–65.0)

54.0 (40.0–67.0)

0.800

 Male sex, n (%)

158 (65.8)

1280 (51.7)

< 0.001

158 (65.8)

615 (64.1)

0.608

 BMI, kg/m2

22.46 (20.77–24.95)

22.32 (20.70–24.44)

0.506

22.46 (20.77–24.95)

22.45 (20.95–24.46)

0.986

Preexisting clinical conditions

 Hypertension, n (%)

46 (19.2)

476 (19.2)

0.983

46 (19.2)

177 (18.4)

0.795

 DM, n (%)

21 (8.8)

208 (8.4)

0.852

21 (8.8)

82 (8.5)

0.918

 CKD, n (%)

12 (5.0)

90 (3.6)

0.288

12 (5.0)

45 (4.7)

0.839

 CHD, n (%)

8 (3.3)

94 (3.8)

0.719

8 (3.3)

29 (3.0)

0.802

 Stroke, n (%)

24 (10.0)

326 (13.2)

0.162

24 (10.0)

106 (11.0)

0.642

 CHF, n (%)

8 (3.3)

62 (2.5)

0.439

8 (3.3)

27 (2.8)

0.668

 Malignancy, n (%)

67 (27.9)

364 (14.7)

< 0.001

67 (27.9)

256 (26.7)

0.696

 COPD, n (%)

13 (5.4)

45 (1.8)

< 0.001

13 (5.4)

35 (3.6)

0.211

 Chronic liver disease, n (%)

7 (2.9)

24 (1.0)

0.017

7 (2.9)

19 (2.0)

0.372

Admission type

  

< 0.001

  

0.258

 Elective surgical, n (%)

155 (64.6)

1887 (76.2)

 

155 (64.6)

650 (67.7)

 

 Emergency surgical, n (%)

17 (7.1)

205 (8.3)

 

17 (7.1)

84 (8.8)

 

 Medical, n (%)

68 (28.3)

384 (15.5)

 

68 (28.3)

226 (23.5)

 

Baseline eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2

103.70 (89.81–115.39)

100.23 (85.83–112.60)

0.036

103.70 (89.81–115.39)

103.19 (88.62–116.34)

0.875

Baseline SCr, umol/L

63.85 (54.00–76.53)

65.00 (53.36–79.69)

0.639

63.85 (54.00–76.53)

64.00 (51.60–79.50)

0.742

SCr at ICU admission umol/L

76.17 (64.00–92.15)

73.00 (59.40–91.80)

0.056

76.17 (64.00–92.15)

76.00 (60.03–96.00)

0.708

Serum albumin, g/L

30.45 (26.60–33.80)

31.60 (27.50–35.00)

0.001

30.45 (26.60–33.80)

30.30 (26.36–34.00)

0.999

APACHE II score

11 (7.0–18.0)

9 (6.0–14.0)

< 0.001

11.0 (7.0–18.0)

11 (7.0–16.0)

0.537

Primary outcomes

      

 Total AKI, n (%)

88 (36.7)

546 (22.1)

< 0.001

88 (36.7)

334 (34.8)

0.586

 Established AKI, n (%)

29 (12.1)

192 (7.8)

0.019

29 (12.1)

128 (13.3)

0.608

 Later-onset AKI, n (%)

59 (24.6)

354 (14.3)

< 0.001

59 (24.6)

206 (21.5)

0.297

 Grade of AKI,

  

< 0.001

  

0.486

  Non-AKI, n (%)

152 (63.3)

1930 (77.9)

 

152 (63.3)

626 (65.2)

 

  Mild AKI, n (%)

50 (20.8)

351 (14.2)

 

50 (20.8)

205 (21.4)

 

  Severe AKI, n (%)

38 (15.8)

195 (7.9)

 

38 (15.8)

129 (13.4)

 
  1. The non-normally distributed continuous variables are expressed as median (25th percentile to 75th percentile [interquartile range]). Categorical variables are expressed as n (%)
  2. APACHE II score Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score; AKI Acute kidney injury; BMI Body mass index; CKD Chronic kidney disease; CHD Coronary heart disease; CHF Chronic heart failure; COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM Diabetes mellitus; eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate; ICU Intensive care unit; KDIGO Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes; n Sample size; SCr Serum creatinine; Established AKI, defined as diagnosis of AKI at ICU admission; Later-onset AKI, indicated no AKI diagnosis at ICU admission but reaching the KDIGO criteria within 1 week after admission; Mild-AKI: defined as reaching KDIGO stage 1 diagnostic criteria of AKI; Severe-AKI, defined as reaching KDIGO stage 2 or stage 3 diagnostic criteria of AKI
  3. P value for global comparisons among groups by rank sum test and chi-square test for continuous and categorical variables, respectively