Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of healthy controls and patients with end-stage renal disease

 N

33

32

27

–

–

–

–

 Age (years)

35.0 ± 1.72

32.7 ± 1.67

34.1 ± 1.66

0.532

0.715

0.322

0.512

 Gender (M/F)

15/18

17/15

14/13

–

0.796

0.901

0.696

 Education (years)

12.3 ± 0.50

12.0 ± 1.01

11.2 ± 0.55

0.541

0.15

0.787

0.523

 Dialysis duration

–

–

30 ± 3.22

–

–

–

–

 Hemoglobin(g/L)

–

86.3 ± 3.51

103.7 ± 3.87

–

–

–

0.0016*

 Urea (μmol/L)

–

31.4 ± 1.83

23.5 ± 1.57

–

–

–

0.0022*

 Cystatin C (mg/L)

–

4.4 ± 0.616

4.4 ± 0.68

–

–

–

0.989

 Na + (mmol/L)

–

139.8 ± 0.57

144.0 ± 0.68

–

–

–

< 0.001*

 K+ (mmol/L)

–

4.6 ± 0.12

5.0 ± 0.13

–

–

–

0.0673

 Parathyroid hormone (pg/mL)

–

303.3 ± 30.37

731.0 ± 88.78

–

–

–

< 0.001*