Fig. 1

The sample entropy over different time scales. The orange square open symbols represented the entropy of patients with ESRD, and the light blue open circles the entropy of healthy control subjects. The green open squares represented the entropy of the survival group after session hemodialysis treatment, and the pink solid squares the entropy of the mortality group after session hemodialysis treatment. Symbols represent the mean values of entropy for each group and bars represent the standard error (\( SE= SD/\sqrt{n} \), where n is the number of subjects). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 for comparison between groups