Table 1 Baseline clinical and biochemical characteristics of patients

Age (years)

67 (25-82)

71 (37-90)

55 (34-77)

36 (22-69)

<0.0001

Male (%)

26 (79)

24 (75)

17 (57)

11 (37)

0.002

 Never

57.6

40.6

60.2

83.3

0.045

 Ex-smoker

39.4

53.1

35.8

16.7

 Current smoker

3

6.3

4.1

0

Diabetes (%)

13 (39.4)

16 (50)

11 (36.7)

0

0.527*

IHD (%)

9 (27)

8 (25)

7 (23)

0

0.937*

Hypertension (%)

24 (73)

26 (81)

22 (73)

0

0.675*

PVD (%)

2 (6)

1 (3)

3 (10)

0

0.537*

CVA (%)

1 (3)

2 (6)

2 (7)

0

0.775*

BMI (kg/m²)

29 ± 5

30 ± 9

26 ± 4

24 ± 3

0.001

SBP (mmHg)

141 ± 26

144 ± 21

142 ± 16

118 ± 10

<0.0001

Hb (g/L)

120 ± 11

129 ± 15

133 ± 18

140 ± 12

<0.0001

MCV (fL)

89 ± 7

88 ± 4

90 ± 6

87 ± 3

0.167

eGFR (mL/min/1.73m²)

-

31 (10-59)

59 (32-90)

98 (70-127)

<0.0001

Urea (mmol/L)

18.7 ± 6.2

13.5 ± 4.8

9.1 ± 2.5

4.7 ± 1.1

<0.0001

ALT (IU/L)

16 ± 8

24 ± 22

23 ± 11

22 ± 11

0.100

GGT(IU/L)

23 (10-259)

37 (8-163)

24 (9-233)

17 (10-40)

0.028

Albumin (g/L)

34 ± 4

38 ± 4

39 ± 3

41 ± 2

<0.0001

Glucose (mmol/L)

6.4 (2-13)

5.6 (4.5-18)

4.9 (3-19)

4.8 (4.2-5.8)

<0.0001

CRP (mg/L)

4 (0-38)

6 (2-29)

4 (2-147)

0 (0-11)

<0.0001

p-Cresyl sulphate (μM)

52 ± 33

29 ± 20

9 ± 11

6 ± 4

<0.0001

Indoxyl sulphate (μM)

19.2 ± 12.1

3.8 ± 4.6

2.2 ± 2.7

1.1 ± 0.4

<0.0001