Biochemical and histopathological changes in Wistar rats after consumption of boiled and un-boiled water from high and low disease prevalent areas for chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in north Central Province (NCP) and its comparison with low disease prevalent Colombo, Sri Lanka

Table 3 Water analysis from high and low disease prevalent areas for CKDu in NCP and from Colombo

	NTM	NTM boiled	BB	DD	HW	Colombo
Fluoride (as F)	1.3 mg/dL	1 .3/mg/dL	0.56 mg/dL	0.34/mg/dL	0.30 mg/dL	0.093 mg/dL
Total Iron (as fe) (mg/L)	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Calcium (as Ca)	10.8 mg/L	12.5 mg/L	9.8 mg/L	8.4 mg/L	6.2 mg/L	4.7 mg/L
Na+/Ca2+	5.09	4.56	2.65	2.14	4.19	0.55
Sodium (as Na)	55	57	26	18	26	2.6
Arsenic (as as) (0.001 mg/L)	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
Cadmium (as Cd) (0.001 mg/L)	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND

NTM: NTMB boiled, BB, DD, HW, CO water samples analysis at the Industrial Technology Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Not detectable levels: Total Iron; below 0.1, Arsenic: below 0.001, Cadmium: below 0.001
New Town Medirigiriya (NTM), Boiled water from Medirigiriya (NTMB), Bisobandaragama (BB), Divuldamana (DD) from high disease endemic areas for CKDu of unknown origin and Huruluwewa (HW) and Colombo (CO) that were used as controls from low endemic areas (n = 10)
All the values are expressed with Standard Error (SE) and precisions were done in 95% confidence intervals (p < 0.05)

ISSN: 1471-2369