Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the study population overall and by CKD status
Variables | Total (n = 1621) | Without CKD (n = 1525) | CKD (n = 96) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 51 (37–61) | 49 (36–59) | 68 (62–73.5) | < 0.0001 |
Gender (n,% male) | 406 (25.1) | 378 (25.4) | 19 (19.8) | 0.221 |
Anthropometry | ||||
WC (cm) | 91.5 (78.1–103.2) | 90.8 (77.5–102.8) | 99.0 (89.0–105.8) | < 0.0001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.3 (22.8–34.1) | 28.2 (22.5–34.1) | 30.4 (26.0–36.1) | 0.0035 |
Biochemical analysis and calculations | ||||
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/l) | 5.0 (4.6–5.7) | 5.0 (4.6–5.6) | 5.3 (5.0–7.1) | < 0.0001 |
2-h glucose (mmol/l) | 6.0 (4.9–7.6) | 6.0 (4.8–7.5) | 7.4 (6.1–9.2) | < 0.0001 |
Fasting insulin (IU/l) | 6.7 (4.2–11.0) | 6.7 (4.2–10.9) | 7.6 (5.1–12.1) | 0.0328 |
2-h insulin (IU/l) | 37.9 (20.5–70.9) | 37.3 (19.8–69.7) | 58.8 (29.5–105.2) | 0.0003 |
Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.5 (12.6–14.4) | 13.5 (12.6–14.5) | 12.5 (11.15–13.45) | < 0.0001 |
HbA1c (%) (n = 1610) | 5.8 (5.4–6.3) | 5.7 (5.4–6.2) | 6.2 (5.9–7.1) | < 0.0001 |
Albumin (g/dL) | 4.24 (4.04–4.41) | 4.25 (4.05–4.42) | 4.20 (3.99–4.31) | 0.0601 |
GA (%) (n = 1504) | 13.1 (12.1–14.4) | 13.0 (12.1–14.2) | 15.0 (13.7–17.7) | < 0.0001 |
Fructosamine (μmol/l) (n = 636) | 238.8 (221.1–263.7) | 236.4 (220.1–259.1) | 269.7 (234.1–304.0) | < 0.0001 |
Creatinine (μmol/l) | 59.0 (52.0–70.0) | 59.0 (51.0–68.0) | 105.5 (89.0–137.5) | < 0.0001 |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | – | 104.4 (88.4–121.5) | 48.5 (34.1–56.2) | < 0.0001 |
Co-morbidities | ||||
Anaemia (n, %) | 311 (19.2) | 268 (17.6) | 43 (44.8) | < 0.0001 |
BMI categories (n, %) | 0.008 | |||
Normal weight | 557 (34.4) | 538 (35.3) | 19 (19.8) | |
Overweight | 372 (23.0) | 345 (22.6) | 27 (28.1) | |
Obese | 692 (42.7) | 642 (42.1) | 50 (52.1) | |
Glucose tolerance categories (n, %) | < 0.0001 | |||
Normal glucose tolerance | 1048 (64.7) | 1009 (66.2) | 39 (40.6) | |
IFG/IGT | 281 (17.3) | 262 (17.2) | 19 (19.8) | |
T2D | 277 (17.1) | 240 (15.7) | 37 (38.5) | |