Table 2 Comparison of clinical characteristics in VA-AKI and non-VA-AKI patients stratified by age groups
From: Vancomycin-associated acute kidney injury in Hong Kong in 2012–2016
New-borns and infants | Children 1 to 12 years of age | Adolescents above 12 years of age and adults | Elderly patients aged over 60 years | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-VA-AKI | VA-AKI | P value | Non-VA-AKI | VA-AKI | P value | Non-VA-AKI | VA-AKI | P value | Non-VA-AKI | VA-AKI | P value | |
N | 406 (93.8%) | 27 (6.2%) | – | 123 (83.7%) | 24 (16.3%) | – | 2523 (87.8%) | 350 (12.2%) | – | 8256 (88.7%) | 1049 (11.3%) | – |
Age | 0.0 (0.0, 0.1) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.2) | 0.034 | 4.5 (2.7, 7.7) | 4.8 (1.4, 6.3) | 0.277 | 50.6 (41.1, 56.0) | 52.2 (43.8, 56.6) | 0.037 | 79.9 (71.1, 86.4) | 78.1 (69.0, 84.6) | < 0.001 |
Male | 59.1% | 55.6% | 0.840 | 52.8% | 70.8% | 0.120 | 65.0% | 66.6% | 0.590 | 63.1% | 63.4% | 0.865 |
Strains of bacteria | ||||||||||||
Streptococcus | 1 | 0 | 0.594 | 5 | 0 | 0.231 | 51 | 3 | 0.039 | 82 | 14 | 0.104 |
Enterococcus | 11 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 1 | 106 | 20 | ||||
Staphylococcus | 55 | 2 | 9 | 2 | 158 | 27 | 1061 | 145 | ||||
Route of Administration | ||||||||||||
injection | 98.0% | 85.2% | < 0.001 | 94.3% | 95.8% | 0.763 | 82.1% | 85.7% | 0.049 | 76.2% | 78.6% | 0.279 |
parenteral | 2.0% | 14.8% | 5.7% | 4.2% | 17.6% | 13.7% | 23.5% | 21.1% | ||||
oral | – | – | – | – | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.2% | ||||
Eye drop | – | – | – | – | 0.0% | 0.3% | 0.0% | 0.1% | ||||
Intraperitoneal | – | – | – | – | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.2% | ||||
Chemistry Profile | ||||||||||||
Baseline Creatinine (μmol/L) | 58.2 (41.0, 74.0) | 44.0 (20.0, 69.0) | 0.060 | 36.0 (28.4, 46.0) | 31.5 (23.8, 46.3) | 0.256 | 66.0 (51.0, 94.0) | 112.2 (68.0, 269.0) | < 0.001 | 79.0 (58.3, 122.0) | 111.0 (72.7, 196.5) | < 0.001 |
Tough Vancomycin (mg/L) | 7.2 (5.0, 10.8) | 9.7 (5.8, 14.7) | 0.075 | 5.2 (3.3, 9.2) | 11.7 (5.7, 19.7) | < 0.001 | 7.8 (5.1, 12.5) | 13.8 (8.6, 20.5) | < 0.001 | 11.3 (7.8, 16.2) | 15.0 (9.9, 21.1) | < 0.001 |
Comorbidities | ||||||||||||
Pneumonia | 7.1% | 11.1% | 0.439 | 41.5% | 25.0% | 0.171 | 21.6% | 28.0% | 0.009 | 38.5% | 37.9% | 0.723 |
Respiratory failure | 9.4% | 11.1% | 0.733 | 12.2% | 25.0% | 0.115 | 20.4% | 26.6% | 0.010 | 19.4% | 24.1% | < 0.001 |
Essential hypertension | 0.2% | 0.0% | 1.000 | 0.8% | 0.0% | 1.000 | 17.1% | 28.0% | < 0.001 | 50.3% | 53.6% | 0.048 |
Congestive heart failure | 2.0% | 0.0% | 1.000 | 1.6% | 4.2% | 0.417 | 7.3% | 18.0% | < 0.001 | 19.3% | 24.9% | < 0.001 |
Urinary tract infection | 4.9% | 3.7% | 1.000 | 5.7% | 8.3% | 0.641 | 15.4% | 15.4% | 1.000 | 38.4% | 34.5% | 0.015 |
Chronic renal failure | 0.2% | 0.0% | 1.000 | 0.8% | 8.3% | 0.069 | 7.3% | 24.0% | < 0.001 | 6.5% | 16.0% | < 0.001 |
Fever | 3.9% | 7.4% | 0.311 | 34.1% | 29.2% | 0.814 | 25.3% | 24.9% | 0.896 | 36.1% | 34.9% | 0.429 |
Sepsis | 7.1% | 3.7% | 1.000 | 14.6% | 12.5% | 1.000 | 13.4% | 15.4% | 0.318 | 21.3% | 21.4% | 0.938 |
Anaemia | 12.3% | 11.1% | 1.000 | 18.7% | 20.8% | 0.781 | 21.4% | 27.7% | 0.009 | 25.8% | 29.9% | 0.004 |
Type II DM | – | – | – | – | – | – | 12.1% | 18.9% | 0.001 | 27.0% | 30.3% | 0.024 |
Number of comorbidities | ||||||||||||
0 | 66.0% | 55.6% | 0.379 | 30.1% | 37.5% | 0.732 | 29.9% | 19.4% | < 0.001 | 10.2% | 9.6% | 0.114 |
1 | 23.2% | 37.0% | 31.7% | 20.8% | 24.9% | 18.9% | 15.0% | 12.4% | ||||
2 | 7.9% | 3.7% | 21.1% | 25.0% | 19.3% | 20.3% | 18.2% | 18.9% | ||||
> 3 | 3.0% | 3.7% | 17.1% | 16.7% | 25.8% | 41.4% | 56.5% | 59.1% | ||||
Concomitant drugs | ||||||||||||
Inotropic agents | 2.5% | 0.0% | 1.000 | 4.1% | 4.2% | 1.000 | 4.5% | 8.8% | 0.002 | 11.4% | 12.8% | 0.184 |
Diuretics | 71.2% | 74.1% | 0.829 | 48.0% | 62.5% | 0.265 | 54.2% | 72.7% | < 0.001 | 64.2% | 73.5% | < 0.001 |
ACEI | 2.7% | 7.4% | 0.191 | 6.5% | 33.3% | 0.001 | 19.4% | 30.6% | < 0.001 | 32.5% | 34.2% | 0.285 |
ARB | – | – | – | 0.8% | 0.0% | 1.000 | 5.2% | 11.5% | < 0.001 | 7.5% | 9.0% | 0.079 |
PTZ | 12.3% | 7.4% | 0.758 | 26.8% | 29.2% | 0.806 | 62.0% | 73.3% | < 0.001 | 62.0% | 67.9% | < 0.001 |
Meropenem | 53.0% | 44.4% | 0.430 | 41.5% | 66.7% | 0.027 | 51.2% | 59.4% | 0.006 | 42.5% | 47.6% | 0.002 |
Aminoglycoside | 54.4% | 33.3% | 0.045 | 59.3% | 45.8% | 0.262 | 52.7% | 50.9% | 0.557 | 45.6% | 49.4% | 0.024 |
Cefepime | 89.4% | 100.0% | 0.094 | 84.6% | 70.8% | 0.141 | 69.3% | 72.7% | 0.225 | 64.6% | 66.2% | 0.317 |
Amphotericin B | 6.9% | 11.1% | 0.429 | 8.1% | 20.8% | 0.072 | 8.6% | 8.5% | 1.000 | 2.1% | 3.2% | 0.019 |
NSAIDs | 1.2% | 0.0% | 1.000 | 31.7% | 29.2% | 1.000 | 30.1% | 21.8% | 0.002 | 15.7% | 14.7% | 0.367 |
Number of concomitant drugs | ||||||||||||
0 | 2.0% | 0.0% | 0.685 | 0.8% | 0.0% | 0.738 | 2.7% | 1.8% | < 0.001 | 2.9% | 2.0% | < 0.001 |
1 | 10.1% | 7.4% | 15.4% | 12.5% | 8.0% | 3.0% | 8.2% | 4.9% | ||||
2 | 24.9% | 33.3% | 24.4% | 16.7% | 16.9% | 7.6% | 16.4% | 13.1% | ||||
> 3 | 63.1% | 59.3% | 59.3% | 70.8% | 72.4% | 87.6% | 72.5% | 80.0% | ||||
Length of Stay | 85.0 (47.8, 122.0) | 107.0 (31.0, 155.0) | 0.608 | 36.5 (21.0, 61.0) | 39.5 (12.3, 87.5) | 0.778 | 50.0 (27.0, 87.0) | 44.0 (25.0, 85.0) | 0.249 | 40.0 (23.0, 67.0) | 33.0 (20.0, 58.0) | < 0.001 |
Death in hospital | 8.4% | 18.5% | 0.075 | 9.8% | 25.0% | 0.037 | 16.8% | 31.4% | < 0.001 | 28.4% | 51.5% | < 0.001 |