Table 3 Bivariate analysis of factors associated with chronic kidney disease in the study subjects
Variable | Chronic Kidney Disease, CKD /KDIGO classification | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Stage 3–5 | Stage 1–2 | |||
Age, mean (SD), years | 70.8 (8.8) | 58.6 (11.5) | – | < 0.001 |
Age category, years | ||||
  ≤ 50 | 0 (0.0%) | 54 (100.0%) | – | < 0.001 |
  > 50 | 150 (45.3%) | 181 (54.7%) |  |  |
Gender | ||||
 Female | 93 (36.9) | 159 (63.1) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 0.255 |
 Male | 57 (42.9) | 76 (57.1) | 1.0 |  |
Marital status | ||||
 Single, unmarried | 2 (9.1) | 20 (90.9) | 1.0 |  |
 Married. | 96 (37.2) | 162 (62.8) | 5.9 (1.4–25.9) | 0.018 |
 Widowed | 52 (51.0) | 50 (49.0) | 10.4 (2.3–46.8) | 0.002 |
 Separated | 0 (0.0) | 3 (100.0) | – | 0.999 |
Level of formal education | ||||
 None | 29 (56.9) | 22 (43.1) | 1.0 |  |
 Primary school(1-7 yrs) | 87 (38.3) | 140 (61.7) | 0.5 (0.3–0.9) | 0.017 |
 Secondary school(8-12 yrs) | 26 (28.9) | 64 (71.1) | 0.3 (0.2–0.6) | 0.001 |
 Tertiary, > 12 yrs. in school | 8 (47.1) | 9 (52.9) | 0.7 (0.2–2.0) | 0.483 |
Employment status | ||||
 Unemployed | 56 (44.8) | 69 (55.2) | 1.0 |  |
 Employed | 3 (13.0) | 20 (87.0) | 0.2 (0.1–0.7) | 0.009 |
 Self-employed | 47 (31.5) | 102 (68.5) | 0.6 (0.3–0.9) | 0.025 |
 Retired | 44 (50.0) | 44 (50.0) | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) | 0.454 |
Cigarette smoking | ||||
 Smoker | 38 (41.3%) | 54 (58.7%) | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | 0.597 |
 Non-smoker | 112 (38.2%) | 181 (61.8%) | 1.0 |  |
 Duration of diabetes, years, median (IQR) | 11.0 (5.0–18.0) | 5.0 (2.0–11.0) | – | < 0.001 |
Duration of disease, categories, years | ||||
  > 5 | 105 (48.2%) | 113 (51.8%) | 2.6 (1.7–4.1) | < 0.001 |
  ≤ 5 | 41 (26.1%) | 116 (73.9%) | 1.0 |  |
LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | ||||
 High> 2.0 | 116 (39.1) | 181 (60.9) | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | 0.943 |
 Normal ≤2.0 | 34 (38.6) | 54 (61.4) | 1.0 |  |
Obesity | ||||
 Obese, BMI ≥30 kg/m2 | 17 (19.8) | 69 (80.2) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | < 0.001 |
 Not obese, BMI < 30 kg/m2 | 133 (44.5) | 166 (55.5) | 1.0 |  |
Hypertension, BP > 140/90 mmHg | ||||
 Hypertensive | 91 (47.6) | 100 (52.4) | 2.1 (1.4–3.2) | 0.001 |
 Normal BP | 59 (30.4) | 135 (69.6) | 1.0 |  |
 Systolic BP,mean (SD) mmHg | 148.8 (25.6) | 140.3 (20.6) | – | < 0.001 |
 Diastolic BP,mean (SD) mmHg | 81.9 (12.1) | 81.2 (10.9) | – | 0.579 |
Glycemic control | ||||
 Poor (HbA1c > 7.0%) | 86 (36.9) | 147 (63.1) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 0.307 |
 Good (HbA1c ≤ 7.0%) | 64 (42.1) | 88 (57.9) | 1.0 |  |