Table 1 Characteristics of CKD 5 patients according to tertiles of copeptin
From: Copeptin is independently associated with vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease stage 5
Low (n = 49) | Middle (n = 49) | High (n = 51) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
General characteristics | ||||
Copeptin (pg/mL) | 290 (216–328) | 380 (344–438) | 520 (455–677) | 0.001 |
Age (years) | 45 (24–62) | 46 (24–65) | 51 (29–67) | 0.030 |
Males, n (%) | 32 (65) | 33 (67) | 36 (71) | 0.840 |
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 4 (8) | 5 (10) | 7 (13) | 0.663 |
Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 3 (6) | 8 (16) | 12 (23) | 0.041 |
Previously on dialysis, n (%) | 26 (53) | 28 (57) | 42 (82) | 0.015 |
Dialysis vintage, years | 0.2 (0–3.4) | 0.3 (0–3.11) | 1.0 (0–3.1) | 0.005 |
Systolic BP, (mmHg) | 133 (116–156) | 146 (125–170) | 144 (115–180) | 0.008 |
Diastolic BP, (mmHg) | 80 (67–96) | 84 (72–95) | 82 (67–100) | 0.542 |
Nutritional status | ||||
Body mass index, (kg/m2) | 24.4 (21–29.7) | 24.5 (20.5–29.9) | 25.0 (20.9–29.8) | 0.824 |
Lean body mass index, (kg/m2)a | 18.3 (15.3–20.3) | 18.6 (14.1–22.1) | 18.2 (14.8–21) | 0.888 |
Fat body mass index, (kg/m2)a | 5.9 (3.4–10.1) | 6.6 (3.6–10.7) | 6.1 (3.1–10.1) | 0.464 |
Markers of metabolism and nutrition | ||||
Hemoglobin, (g/L)b | 110 (97–129) | 112 (97–130) | 114 (96–131) | 0.724 |
Albumin, (g/L) | 35.0 (31.0–40.0) | 35.0 (30.0–40.0) | 34 (27.4–39.8) | 0.388 |
Glucose, (mmol/L)c | 5.4 (4.3–9.2) | 5.4 (4.4–7) | 5.8 (4.5–8.2) | 0.286 |
HbA1c, (%)d | 33.0 (19.0–40.0) | 33.5 (25.5–40.5) | 33.0 (23.9–40.4) | 0.666 |
Triglyceride, (mmol/L) | 1.2 (0.6–2.3) | 1.3 (0.6–2.3) | 1.4 (0.7–2.6) | 0.072 |
Total cholesterol, (mmol/L) | 4.5 (3.2–5.9) | 4.4 (3.2–6.2) | 4.2 (3.0–6.3) | 0.661 |
HDL cholesterol, (mmol/L) | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | 1.4 (0.8–2.2) | 1.3 (0.8–2.0) | 0.408 |
LDL cholesterol, (mmol/L) | 2.7 (1.6–4.4) | 2.6 (1.4–4.5) | 2.6 (1.4–4.6) | 0.916 |
Plasma osmolality (mmol/kg) | 300 (290–315) | 306 (288–319) | 302 (290–314) | 0.241 |
Creatinine (μmol/L) | 661 (484–1086) | 683 (451–1021) | 829 (560–1136) | 0.006 |
Biomarkers of inflammation | ||||
hsCRP, (mg/L) | 0.8 (0.2–9.0) | 0.8 (0.2–3.9) | 1.0 (0.2–7.0) | 0.883 |
IL-6, (pg/mL)e | 1.0 (0.1–6.0) | 1.4 (0.1–5.7) | 1.4 (0–6.5) | 0.820 |
TNF (pg/mL)f | 9.0 (7.2–15.2) | 10.8 (8.3–15.2) | 10.5 (7.6–21) | 0.094 |
Medications | ||||
β-blockers, n (%) | 14 (27) | 31 (63) | 41 (80) | < 0.0001 |
Ca-blocker, n (%) | 24 (45) | 26 (53) | 27 (53) | 0.899 |
ACEi/ARB, n (%) | 32 (65) | 32 (65) | 25 (49) | 0.157 |
Statins, n (%) | 15 (31) | 16 (33) | 21 (41) | 0.499 |
Calcium-phosphate binders, n (%) | 24 (49) | 28 (57) | 26 (51) | 0.700 |
Biomarkers of mineral-bone disease and vascular calcification | ||||
Calcium, (mmol/L) | 2.3 (2.1–2.6) | 2.3 (2.0–2.5) | 2.3 (2.0–2.5) | 0.814 |
Phosphate, (mmol/L) | 1.7 (1.1–2.1) | 1.7 (1.0–2.5) | 1.6 (1.0–2.4) | 0.964 |
ALP, (U/L)f | 57 (33–109) | 60 (38–155) | 67 (37–118) | 0.505 |
PTH, (pg/mL) | 231 (94–623) | 255 (75–594) | 269 (54–520) | 0.903 |
FGF-23, (pg/mL)g | 3534 (223–27,943) | 2820 (706–38,863) | 7486 (1088–83,186) | 0.257 |
Klotho (pg/mL)h | 317 (178–603) | 380 (197–970) | 330 (119–513) | 0.220 |
25 (OH) vitamin D | 38 (16–79.8) | 35 (20–73) | 33.5 (12–65.7) | 0.309 |
Sclerostin (pg/mL)i | 369 (198–939) | 409 (247–682) | 515 (271–894) | 0.067 |
Troponin T (μg/L) | 17.0 (5.0–53.6) | 19.5 (3.6–71.6) | 32.0 (1.2–68.0) | 0.036 |
Total BMD (g/cm2)f | 1.2 (1.0–1.3) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.1 (0.8–1.3) | 0.100 |
CAC score (AU)j | 0 (0–700) | 2 (0–1546) | 38 (0–1946) | 0.055 |
Medial calcification, n (%)k | 0.030 | |||
0–1 | 34 (43) | 23 (29) | 22 (28) | |
2–3 | 13 (22) | 20 (35) | 25 (43) | |