Table 1 Environmental and demographic characteristics of Tumbes and regions with CKDu

Population

240,590

14,807

238,244

8,017,894

21,358,975

206,264

Urbanicity

94.1% (urban)

24% (urban)

67% (urban)

77% (urban)

77% (urban)

81.6% (urban)

Climate

Arid and subtropical

Hot tropical

Tropical

Arid

Tropical

Tropical

Humidity

76%

70–90%

62–100%

Over 90%

70–95%

65–80%

Precipitation

131.4 mm

1067 mm

13 to 155 mm

4 mm (no rain season)

200 mm

181 mm

Temperature

21–40 °C

34.3 °C

23–35 °C

32.6 °C

36 °C

35 °C

Average annual temperature

25.3 °C

31.5 °C

26 °C

26.2 °C

27 °C

32.5 °C

Altitude

Sea level

60–70 m

90 m

4–8 m

81 m

109 m

Agriculture

Rice, lime, banana

Rice coconuts and cashew

Sugarcane

Cotton

Chena, rice cultivations

Banana, sugarcane

Pesticide

Paraquat, methomyl 90SP

Organochlorides

Paraquat

Cadmium, nickel and mercury

Glyphosate

Pyrethroids and chlorpyrifos

Metal contamination

Arsenic

Silica

Arsenic, cadmium

Cadmium

Cadmium

Aluminum, arsenic, lead

Leptospira

0.02–5%

61.8%

–

49.7%

53%

36%

Hypertension rates

26.9%

38.5–615%

30%

–

26%

22%

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

10.3%

7.2–30%

8.8%

–

8.6%

10%

CKDu

< 1%

1.6–4.8%, up to 60%

25%

17.7%

15–21%

19%