Table 2 Baseline characteristics, lab tests, medication, and follow-up parameters of the patients according to ICU admission
From: Predicting the outcome of COVID-19 infection in kidney transplant recipients
| Â | ICU admission | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | No N = 87 | Yes N = 22 | ||
Demographic information | ||||
Male Gender, n (%) | 52 (59.8) | 11 (50.0) | 0.407 | |
Age (years), median (IQR) | 48 (38.0–56.0) | 51 (44.0–64.0) | 0.227 | |
Donor type, n, (%) | Deceased | 11 (12.6) | 6 (27.3) | 0.091 |
Living | 76 (87.4) | 16 (72.7) | ||
>  60 years n, % | 13 (14.9) | 8 (38.1) | 0.016 | |
Time from symptom onset to admission, days, median (IQR) | 4 (3.0–7.0) | 5 (3.0–7.0) | 0.536 | |
Transplantation duration, years, median (IQR) | 5 (3.0–9.0) | 6 (3.0–9.0) | 0.774 | |
Length of stay in hospital (days), median (IQR) | 9 (6.0–13.0) | 14.5 (8.0–18.0) | 0.003 | |
Tx Duration < 1 year n (%) | 14 (16.1) | 3 (13.6) | 0.777 | |
Coexisting disorder, n/N (%) | Diabetes mellitus | 18/85 (21.2) | 7/22 (31.8) | 0.293 |
Hypertension | 62/84 (73.8) | 19/22 (86.4) | 0.217 | |
Ischemic heart disease | 12/82 (14.6) | 6/21 (28.6) | 0.133 | |
Heart failure | 1/83 (1.2) | 3/22 (13.6) | 0.007 | |
COPD | 3/84 (3.6) | 2/21 (9.5) | 0.252 | |
Cancer | 6/84 (7.1) | 0/21 (0.0) | 0.207 | |
Chronic liver disease | 4/84 (4.6) | 1/21 (4.5) | 0.615 | |
Cause of kidney disease, n (%) | Diabetic nephropathy | 4 (4.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0.189 |
Glomerular disease | 6 (6.9) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Hypertensive nephrosclerosis | 9 (10.3) | 4 (18.2) | ||
ADPCKD | 8 (9.2) | 5 (22.7) | ||
Amyloidosis | 22 (25.3) | 6 (27.3) | ||
Chronic pyelonephritis | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.5) | ||
Urological diseases | 2 (2.3) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Unknown | 26 (29.9) | 5 (22.7) | ||
Others | 6 (6.9) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Smoking, n (%) | Former smoked | 18 (20.7) | 4 (18.2) | 0.890 |
Never smoker | 33 (37.9) | 10 (45.5) | ||
Current smoker | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | ||
Unknown | 35 (40.2) | 8 (36.4) | ||
Medications, n/N (%) | ACEi | 17/82 (20.7) | 4/21 (19.0) | 0.864 |
ARBs | 12/81 (14.8) | 2/21 (9.5) | 0.530 | |
Statins | 7/82 (8.5) | 4/19 (21.1) | 0.115 | |
Anticoagulant or antiplatelet agent | 34/83 (41.0) | 11/19 (57.9) | 0.180 | |
Oral antidiabetics | 7/81 (8.6) | 1/21 (4.8) | 0.556 | |
Tacrolimus | 70 (80.5) | 16 (72.7) | 0.427 | |
CsA | 9 (10.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.115 | |
MPA derivatives | 75 (86.2) | 19 (86.4) | 0.985 | |
MTORi | 9 (10.3) | 3 (13.6) | 0.659 | |
Azathioprine | 5 (5.7) | 1 (4.5) | 0.825 | |
Prednisone | 85 (97.7) | 21 (95.5) | 0.565 | |
Induction, yes, n, (%) | 67 (77.0) | 13 (52.1) | 0.089 | |
Induction therapy n, (%) | ATLG | 57 (65.5) | 10 (45.5) | 0.189 |
Basiliximab | 10 (11.5) | 3 (13.6) | ||
Modification of immunosuppression n, (%) | No changed | 3 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.059 |
MPA/AZA withdrawal | 76 (87.4) | 16 (72.7) | ||
CNI + MPA/AZA withdrawal | 8 (9.2) | 6 (27.3) | ||
COVID-19 related clinic presentation at the time of diagnosis, n (%) | Mild disease | 64 (73.5) | 3 (13.6) | < 0.001 |
Moderate Disease | 22 (23.5) | 11 (50.0) | ||
Severe-Critical Disease | 1 (1.1) | 8 (36.4) | ||
Presentation symptoms n, (%) | Fever | 55 (63.2) | 15 (68.2) | 0.664 |
Myalgia | 27 (31.0) | 5 (22.7) | 0.445 | |
Dyspnea | 36 (41.4) | 17 (77.3) | 0.003 | |
Diarrhea | 11 (12.6) | 1 (4.5) | 0.278 | |
Cough | 60 (69.0) | 12 (54.5) | 0.202 | |
Throat pain | 4 (4.6) | 2 (9.1) | 0.409 | |
Headache | 11 (12.6) | 3 (13.6) | 0.901 | |
Fatigue | 36 (41.4) | 11 (50.0) | 0.466 | |
COVID-19 drug treatments, n/N (%) | Macrolides | 55 (64.7) | 16 (76.2) | 0.316 |
Oseltamivir | 45 (53.6) | 14 (66.7) | 0.279 | |
Hydroxychloroquine | 86 (98.9) | 22 (100.0) | 0.613 | |
Lopinavir-ritonavir | 8 (10.4) | 2 (11.8) | 0.868 | |
Favipiravir | 31 (38.3) | 18 (94.7) | < 0.001 | |
Glucocorticoids | 41 (51.3) | 18 (85.7) | 0.004 | |
Tocilizumab | 5 (6.3) | 5 (26.3) | 0.009 | |
Anakinra | 3 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.379 | |
Apheresis / immunoadsorption | 0 (0.0) | 3 (15.0) | < 0.001 | |
Laboratory findings at admission, median (IQR) | Creatinine (μmol/l) | 132.6 (88.4–176.8) | 198.0 (106.1–265.2) | 0.016 |
Albumin (g/dl) | 3.8 (3.5–4.1) | 3.45 (2.9–3.8) | 0.003 | |
Ferritin (μg/l) | 328 (129.0–814.0) | 728 (514.0–2000.0) | 0.029 | |
Hemoglobin (g/dl) mean ± SD | 11.6 (10.0–13.3) | 11.4 (9.7–13.5) | 0.970 | |
Lymphocyte count (/μl) | 860 (547.0–1380.0) | 705 (460.0–950.0) | 0.086 | |
Lymphopenia (< 800 /μl) n. (%) | 41 (47.1) | 12 (54.5) | 0.534 | |
Platelet count (×103/μl) | 200 (170.0–249.0) | 185 (161.0–232.0) | 0.275 | |
Follow-up parameters, n (%) | Acute kidney injury, n (%) | 31 (35.6) | 15 (68.2) | 0.006 |
RRT, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (18.2) | < 0.001 | |
Bacterial superinfection. N (%) | 6 (6.9) | 3 (13.6) | 0.527 | |
Laboratory tests during hospitalization, n (%) | ||||
Leucopenia (< 4.0 /μl) | 28 (32.2) | 8 (36.4) | 0.710 | |
Lymphopenia (800 /μl) | 57 (66.3) | 20 (90.9) | 0.023 | |
Thrombocytopenia (< 150 × 103/ μl) | 11 (12.6) | 5 (22.7) | 0.232 | |
LDH (>  2 × upper limit of normal) | 13 (15.7) | 16 (76.2) | < 0.001 | |
AST (>  2 × upper limit of normal) | 7 (9.1) | 8 (38.1) | 0.001 | |
CRP (> 10 × upper limit of normal) | 31 (35.6) | 16 (72.7) | 0.002 | |
The final situation, n (%) | Recover | 86 (98.9) | 9 (40.9 | < 0.001 |
Exitus | 1 (1.1) | 13 (59.1) | ||