The relationship between financial hardship and incident diabetic kidney disease in older US adults – a longitudinal study

Table 4 Independent effect of financial hardship measures on incident diabetic kidney disease

	^aDifficulty paying bills	p-value	^aCost-related medication non-adherence	p-value	^aFood insecurity	p-value
	n = 952		n = 358		n = 122
Person-years follow-up	3613		1299		395
DKD count	146		64		20
DKD rate (per 1000)	40.4		49.3		50.7
Hazard Ratio (95% CI)
Univariate model	1.45 (1.17–1.80)	< 0.01	1.69 (1.29–2.22)	< 0.01	1.73 (1.10–2.72)	0.02
Multivariate model 1a	1.32 (1.05–1.65)	0.02	1.48 (1.10–1.98)	< 0.01	1.27 (0.79–2.04)	0.33
Multivariate model 1b	1.36 (1.07–1.72)	0.01	1.52 (1.13–2.03)	< 0.01	1.36 (0.84–2.20)	0.22
Multivariate model 2	1.22 (0.96–1.56)	0.11	1.45 (1.08–1.95)	0.01	1.21 (0.74–1.97)	0.44
Multivariate model 3	1.16 (0.90–1.48)	0.25	1.40 (1.05–1.88)	0.02	1.03 (0.63–1.68)	0.92
Multivariate model 4	1.15 (0.90–1.47)	0.26	1.43 (1.07–1.93)	0.02	1.01 (0.62–1.66)	0.96

^aModel reference groups: Absence of financial hardship measures (difficulty paying bills, cost-related medication non-adherence and food security)
Multivariate Model 1a: model included all three financial hardship measures - difficulty paying bills, cost-related medication non-adherence and food insecurity;
Multivariate Model 1b: all three financial hardship measures adjusted by demographics (age, gender, race/ethnicity, marital status);
Multivariate Model 2: all three financial hardship measures adjusted by demographics and socioeconomic status (education, household income and assets);
Multivariate Model 3: all three financial hardship measures adjusted by demographics, socioeconomic status, and comorbidity count
Multivariate Model 4: all three financial hardship measures adjusted by demographics, socioeconomic status, comorbidity count, and duration of diabetes

ISSN: 1471-2369