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Fig. 4 | BMC Nephrology

Fig. 4

From: Metabolic acidosis is associated with increased risk of adverse kidney outcomes and mortality in patients with non-dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease: an observational cohort study

Fig. 4

Adjusted risk of all-cause mortality and CKD progression per 1 mEq/L increase in serum bicarbonate. a Cox proportional hazards ratios for DD40 in the extended cohort (patients with no missing ACR data), with subgroup analysis by age group (< 65 and ≥ 65 years of age). b Cox proportional hazards ratios for secondary outcomes (RRT40, RRT, and all-cause mortality) and sensitivity analyses (DD40 and RRT40 by the first single outpatient eGFR value representing a decline of ≥ 40 % from baseline eGFR). c Cox proportional hazards ratios for primary and secondary outcomes in the primary analysis cohort (no missing ACR data). All analyses were adjusted for all covariates other than the analysis omitting ACR in Panel b, and all analyses in Panel c, which included all covariates other than ACR. Abbreviations: ACR, albumin-creatinine ratio; DD40, all-cause mortality, renal replacement therapy, or a ≥ 40 % decline in eGFR; HR, hazard ratio; LCL, lower confidence limit; RRT, renal replacement therapy; RRT40 = renal replacement therapy or a ≥ 40 % decline in eGFR; single OP eGFR, analysis in which the component of a ≥ 40 % decline in eGFR is established by a single outpatient eGFR measurement rather than an average eGFR during a 90-day period; UCL, upper confidence limit

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