Table 1 Study Cohort Characteristics
Total Study Cohort N = 51,558 | Metabolic Acidosis Group N = 17,350 | Normal Serum Bicarbonate Group N = 34,208 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex, n (%) | ||||
Female | 27,094 (53) | 9,011 (52) | 18,083 (53) | 0.047 |
Male | 24,464 (47) | 8,339 (48) | 16,125 (47) | 0.047 |
Age, mean ± SD | 72.9 ± 11.5 | 70.3 ± 13.3 | 74.3 ± 10.3 | < 0.001 |
Race, n (%) | ||||
African American | 5,128 (10) | 2,585 (15) | 2,543 (7) | < 0.001 |
Asian | 996 (2) | 398 (2) | 598 (2) | < 0.001 |
Caucasian | 42,055 (82) | 12,866 (74) | 29,189 (85) | < 0.001 |
Other/unknown | 3,379 (7) | 1,501 (9) | 1,878 (5) | < 0.001 |
Region, n (%) | ||||
Midwest | 30,683 (60) | 9,359 (54) | 21,324 (62) | < 0.001 |
Northeast | 2,603 (5) | 1,175 (7) | 1,428 (4) | < 0.001 |
Other/unknown | 586 (1) | 227 (1) | 359 (1) | 0.009 |
South | 14,107 (27) | 5,329 (31) | 8,778 (26) | < 0.001 |
West | 3,579 (7) | 1,260 (7) | 2,319 (7) | 0.041 |
Baseline labs, mean ± SD | ||||
Serum bicarbonate, mEq/L | 24.0 ± 3.6 | 19.7 ± 1.1 | 26.1 ± 2 | < 0.001 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 41.2 ± 12.1 | 37.2 ± 13.3 | 43.2 ± 10.9 | < 0.001 |
ACR, urinary, mg/g | 190 ± 554 | 277 ± 692 | 127 ± 414 | < 0.001 |
CKD stage, n (%) | ||||
Stage 3a | 22,431 (44) | 5,719 (33) | 16,712 (49) | < 0.001 |
Stage 3b | 19,081 (37) | 5,987 (35) | 13,094 (38) | < 0.001 |
Stage 4 | 8,736 (17) | 4,747 (27) | 3,989 (12) | < 0.001 |
Stage 5, non-dialysis | 1,310 (3) | 897 (5) | 413 (1) | < 0.001 |
Comorbidities/conditions, n (%) | ||||
Hypertension | 31,761 (62) | 12,879 (74) | 18,882 (55) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes | 16,168 (31) | 7,391 (43) | 8,777 (26) | < 0.001 |
Coronary artery disease | 14,329 (28) | 6,249 (36) | 8,080 (24) | < 0.001 |
Peripheral vascular disease | 10,052 (19) | 5,038 (29) | 5,014 (15) | < 0.001 |
Heart failure | 10,029 (19) | 5,119 (30) | 4,910 (14) | < 0.001 |
CCI, weighted non-renal score, mean ± SD | 2.3 (2.7) | 3.5 (3.1) | 1.7 (2.3) | < 0.001 |
ACE and ARB prescription, n (%) | 12,041 (23) | 5,110 (29) | 6,931 (20) | < 0.001 |
Alkali treatment, n (%) | 807 (2) | 461 (3) | 346 (1) | < 0.001 |
Additional baseline labs, mean ± SD | ||||
Serum albumin, g/dL | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 3.5 ± 0.7 | 3.9 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 |
Serum calcium, corrected mg/dLa | 9.3 ± 0.6 | 9.3 ± 0.7 | 9.4 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.2 ± 2.0 | 11.3 ± 2.1 | 12.6 ± 1.8 | < 0.001 |
Serum potassium, mEq/L | 4.4 ± 0.6 | 4.5 ± 0.7 | 4.4 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 |