Table 1 Patient characteristics

Age, years

17,649

45.0 ± 18.4

116,746

67.8 ± 13.8

Gender, male

17,649

53.7

116,746

55.4

BMI, kg/m²

16,708

25.9 ± 5.6

107,490

31.3 ± 7.1

Duration of diabetes, years

17,649

15.9 ± 15.3

116,746

10.0 ± 9.4

HbA1c, %

17,649

8.3 ± 2.1

116,746

7.8 ± 2.0

mmol/mol

17,649

67.7 ± 23.2

116,746

61.3 ± 22.2

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

16,717

129.2 ± 17.0

111,354

135.2 ± 18.6

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

16,644

77.1 ± 10.2

110,936

77.4 ± 11.1

Diabetic retinopathy

6,355

17.7

36,681

8.7

Diabetic neuropathy

17,649

27.2

116,746

37.2

Lipid metabolism disorders

10,880

41.8

77,081

53.4

History of CV disease

17,649

11.9

116,746

29.3

Coronary artery disease

17,649

6.0

116,746

16.8

Peripheral arterial disease

17,649

5.7

116,746

12.1

Heart failure

17,649

2.9

116,746

12.4

Myocardial infarction

17,649

2.7

116,746

7.4

Stroke

17,649

2.9

116,746

7.5

PCI/Stent

17,649

0.5

116,746

1.6

eGFR (CKD-EPI), mL/min/1.73 m²

14,396

92.7 ± 28.6

106,692

68.3 ± 27.1

≥ 60

14,396

86.4

106,692

61.4

45 to 59

14,396

6.3

106,692

16.1

30 to 44

14,396

3.7

106,692

13.1

15–29

14,396

2.0

106,692

7.2

< 15

14,396

1.6

106,692

2.2

Albuminuria determination

  Albumin

9,917

56.2

64,403

55.2

  Albumin:Creatine ratio

7,790

44.1

57,321

49.1

Albuminuria

  Normoalbuminuria

10,630

79.4

69,839

69.4

  Microalbuminuria

10,630

20.6

68,839

30.6

  Macroalbuminuria

9,939

5.1

64,472

9.1

Serum potassium, mEq/L, mean (SD)

4,028

5.5 ± 3.8

27,115

5.3 ± 3.6

  < 3.5 mEq/L

4,028

5.0

27,115

5.4

  3.5–5.0 mEq/L

4,028

78.5

27,115

78.7

  > 5.0–5.5 mEq/L

4,028

4.9

27,115

5.9

  > 5.5 mEq/L

4,028

11.6

27,115

10.0

RAS-blockers

  ACEi

17,649

10.2

116,746

22.9

  ARBs

16,388

6.2

116,746

14.0

  ACEi + ARBs*

17,649

0.7

116,746

1.3

  MRA

17,649

0.5

116,746

2.5

GLP1-RA / SGLT-2i use

  GLP-1 RA

17,649

0.4

116,746

6.0

  SGLT-2i

17,649

1.0

116,746

9.0