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Table 1 Characteristics of study participants by HIV and antiretroviral therapy (ART) status1

From: Risk factors for impaired renal function in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected adults: cross-sectional study in North-Western Tanzania

Characteristic

N = 1947

HIV-uninfected

(n = 655)

HIV-infected ART-naive

(n = 956)

HIV positive on ART

(n = 336)

Age (years); mean (SD)2

1947

42.2 (13.2)

38.2 (10.9)

44.8 (10.1)

18–30

 

139 (21.2)

256 (26.8)

25 (7.4)

31–40

 

183 (27.9)

342 (35.8)

98 (29.2)

41–50

 

171 (26.1)

223 (23.3)

127 (37.8)

> 50

 

162 (24.7)

135 (14.1)

86 (25.6)

Sex, female

1947

371 (56.6)

577 (60.4)

209 (62.2)

Education level

1942

   

No formal education

 

80 (12.2)

158 (16.6)

81 (24.2)

Primary

 

426 (65.0)

676 (71.0)

224 (66.9)

Secondary/Tertiary

 

149 (22.8)

118 (12.4)

30 (9.0)

SES3 tertile

1942

   

Lower

 

167 (25.5)

316 (33.2)

165 (49.3)

Middle

 

220 (33.6)

328 (34.5)

99 (29.6)

Upper

 

268 (40.9)

308 (32.4)

71 (21.2)

Smoking

1942

   

Never smoked

 

507 (77.5)

727 (76.4)

240 (71.4)

Past smoked

 

89 (13.6)

116 (12.2)

81 (24.1)

Current smoker

 

58 (8.9)

109 (11.5)

15 (4.5)

Alcohol use

1942

   

Never

 

212 (32.4)

248 (26.1)

93 (27.7)

Ex-drinker

 

231 (35.3)

376 (39.5)

186 (55.4)

Current moderate drinker

 

18 (2.8)

16 (1.7)

6 (1.8)

Current unhealthy drinker4

 

193 (29.5)

312 (32.8)

51 (15.2)

Antiretroviral regimen

335

   

Tenofovir containing

 

–

–

159 (47.5)

Other regimen

 

–

–

176 (52.5)

Physically inactive5

1941

82 (12.6)

137 (14.4)

51 (15.2)

Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD)2

1946

23.6 (4.9)

21.1 (4.1)

20.7 (3.7)

Underweight (< 18.5)

 

86 (13.1)

254 (26.6)

86 (25.6)

Normal (18.5 - < 25)

 

351 (53.6)

565 (59.2)

214 (63.7)

Overweight/obesity (≥25)

 

218 (33.3)

136 (14.2)

36 (10.7)

Fat mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD)2

1900

6.3 (4.0)

4.6 (3.4)

4.5 (3.1)

Fat-free mass index (kg/m2)

1900

17.1 (1.9)

16.3 (1.8)

16.0 (1.6)

Haemoglobin level (g/dL), mean (SD)2

1942

13.5 (2.0)

11.5 (2.4)

12.6 (1.9)

Anemia6

 

127 (19.5)

577 (60.4)

124 (37.0)

S. mansoni egg(s) seen

1768

50 (8.5)

72 (8.2)

19 (6.2)

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD)2

 

125.7 (20.5)

112.6 (18.0)

110.2 (18.9)

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD)2

 

81.7 (12.3)

75.6 (11.7)

74.1 (11.9)

Hypertension7

1943

182 (27.8)

127 (13.3)

39 (11.7)

Diabetes Mellitus8

1941

   

Normal (≤ 7.7 mmol/L)

 

378 (58.1)

417 (43.7)

172 (51.3)

Prediabetes (7.8–11.0 mmol/L)

 

246 (37.8)

449 (47.0)

151 (45.1)

Diabetes (≥ 11.1 mmol/L)

 

27 (4.2)

89 (9.3)

12 (3.6)

  1. 1Data are number (%) unless otherwise specified and for some variables the sum may not equal to column totals due to missing values; 2Standard deviation; 3Socioeconomic status calculated using principal component analysis; 4Habitual alcohol drinking of more than two standard drinks for women or more than three standard drinks for men; 5Calculated as metabolic equivalents based on total time spent in moderate and vigorous intensity physical activity per week; 6Haemoglobin level < 12 mg/dL for women and < 13 mg/dL for men; 7Systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg or on medication for hypertension; 8Two hour oral glucose tolerance test blood glucose level ≥ 11.1 mmol/L or on medication for diabetes
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BMC Nephrology

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