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Table 3 Trauma-related and nephrotoxic exposure-related factors amongst admitted adult trauma patients in Malawi by development of AKI

From: High risk of acute kidney injury in Malawian trauma patients: a prospective observational cohort study

Potential Trauma-related and Nephrotoxic-related Factors

Total

AKI

No AKI

p-values

223

32 (14.4)

191 (85.7)

 

Time of Presentation to Hospital

 Day of the week (weekend, Saturday-Sunday)

42 (18.8)

6 (18.8)

36 (18.9)

1.0

 Time of day (Daytime: 08:00–16:00)a

70 (31.4)

12 (37.5)

58 (30.4)

0.4

Type of Traumaa

    

 Road Traffic Injury

120 (53.8)

16 (50.0)

104 (54.5)

0.6

 Assault

55 (24.7)

8 (25.0)

47 (24.6)

1.0

 Fall

22 (9.9)

3 (9.4)

19 (9.9)

1.0

 Collapsed Structure

13 (5.8)

2 (6.3)

11 (5.8)

1.0

 Burn

8 (3.6)

3 (9.4)

5 (2.6)

0.09

 Other

3 (1.3)

0 (0)

3 (1.6)

1.0

Kampala Trauma Score (mean, std)a

14.5 (1.1)

14.1 (1.7)

14.5 (1.1)

0.6

Primary Location of Traumaa

   

1.0

 Head/Neck

66 (29.6)

9 (28.1)

57 (29.8)

 

 Face

30 (13.5)

5 (15.6)

25 (13.1)

 

 Trunk

34 (15.2)

5 (15.6)

29 (15.2)

 

 Extremity

91 (40.8)

12 (37.5)

79 (41.4)

 

Multiple injuries vs single injuriesa

128 (57.4)

22 (68.8)

106 (55.5)

0.1

All Trauma Locationsb

 Head/Neck

82 (36.8)

10 (31.3)

72 (37.7)

0.6

 Face

56 (25.1)

8 (25.0)

48 (25.1)

0.9

 Trunk

62 (27.8)

12 (37.5)

50 (26.2)

0.1

 Extremity

139 (62.3)

21 (65.6)

118 (61.8)

0.5

Injury occurred < 24 h prior to arrivala

184 (82.5)

30 (93.8)

154 (80.6)

0.1

Drinking water sourcea

   

0.4

 River/lake

15 (6.7)

2 (6.3)

13 (6.8)

 

 Community pipe/Bore Hole

123 (55.2)

14 (43.8)

109 (57.1)

 

 Piped (exterior)

51 (22.9)

6 (18.8)

45 (23.6)

 

 Piped (interior)

28 (12.6)

6 (18.8)

22 (11.5)

 

 other

2 (0.9)

1 (3.1)

1 (0.5)

 

Medications taken in preceding 7 days

70 (31.4)

9 (28.1)

61 (31.9)

0.7

Herbal remedies taken in previous 7 days

33 (14.8)

4 (12.5)

29 (15.2)

1.0

CT scan during admissiona

5 (2.2)

1 (3.1)

4 (2.1)

0.5

  1. All expressed as N and column percent except where specified
  2. Categories are mutually exclusive except where specified
  3. AKI Acute kidney injury. KDIGO criteria used to define AKI and MDRD-4 equation estimated baseline creatinine
  4. a Missing variables for time of presentation (n = 1), type of trauma (n = 2), Kampala Trauma Severity Score (n = 129, majority missing due to a lack of documented respiratory rate, 105 of 129), primary injury location (n = 2), single vs multiple injuries (n = 2), injury timing (n = 3), drinking water source (n = 4), CT scan (n = 15)
  5. bMultiple categories allowed. Missing data on 1 participant