Fig. 2
From: Blood and urinary cytokine balance and renal outcomes at cardiac surgery
Potential pathways involved in the pathogenesis of AKI. Heightened urinary anti-inflammatory response protects against renal injury caused by pro-inflammation and hypoperfusion. A When urinary anti-inflammatory response is proportionally greater than urinary pro-inflammatory response, the balance of urinary anti−/pro-inflammatory biomarkers is in favor of anti-inflammation. B However, when the response is smaller, there is less protection against pro-inflammation and hypoperfusion, the balance is less favorable with respect to anti-inflammation