Table 3 Risk factors for AKI in children admitted to hospital for a vaso-occlusive crisis (sKDIGO)

Demographics and Clinical Characteristics

 Age, years, median (IQR)

8.0 95.1, 11.3)

10 (7.3, 12.4)

1.11 (1.03–1.20)

0.010

1.10 (1.10, 1.20)

 Age categories, n (%)

   < 5 years

28 (23.7)

8 (11.9)

1 (reference)

  5–10 years

47 39.8)

26 (38.8)

1.94 (0.77–4.86)

0.159

   > 10 years

43 (36.4)

33 (49.3)

2.69 (1.08–6.65)

0.033

 Sex, n (%) Female

42 (35.6)

35 (52.2)

1.98 (1.08–3.64)

0.028

1.74 (0.88, 3.45

 Height-for-age z score

-1.2 (-2.1, -0.3)

-1.7 (-2.6, -1.0)

0.8 (0.64–0.99)

0.044

 Blood pressure category, n (%)

  Hypotensive

1 (0.9)

1 (1.5)

1.81 (0.11–29.55)

0.677

  Normotensive (reference)

96 (81.4)

53 (79.1)

1 (reference)

–-

  Hypertensive

21 (17.8)

13 (19.4)

1.12 (0.52–2.42)

0.770

 Diarrhea, n (%)

1 (0.9)

3 (4.5)

5.48 (0.56–53.81)

0.144

 Vomiting, n (%)

5 (4.2)

8 (11.9)

3.06 (0.96–9.78)

0.059

 Unable to drink/breastfeed, n (%)

1 (0.9)

7 (10.5)

13.65 (1.64–113.52)

0.016

 Hypovolemia (%)

8 (6.8)

16 (23.9)

4.31 (1.73–10.73)

0.002

2.98 (1.08, 8.23)

 Severe anemia, hemoglobin < 8.0 g/dL, n (%)

77 (65.3)

54 (80.6)

2.21 (1.08–4.52)

0.029

 Splenomegaly, n (%)

9 (7.6)

9 (13.4)

1.88 (0.70–4.99)

0.208

  No hepatomegaly

77 (65.3)

30 (44.8)

1 (reference)

–-

1 (reference)

  Hepatomegaly

24 (20.3)

16 (23.9)

1.71 (0.80–3.66)

0.166

1.57 (0.69, 3.59)

  Tender hepatomegaly

17 (14.4)

21 (31.3)

3.17 (1.73–6.82)

0.003

2.46 (1.05, 5.77)

 History of reduced urine output, n (%)

8 (6.8)

7 (10.5)

1.60 (0.55–4.63)

0.383

 History of tea coloured urine, n (%)

41 (34.8)

38 (56.7)

2.46 (1.33–4.55)

0.004

1.63 (0.83, 3.22)

Laboratory Findings

 WBC × 10³/μL

20.1 (15.4, 30.3)

25.5 (18.2, 46.7)

1.01 (1.002–1.026)

0.015

 Neutrophil count × 10³/μL

11.3 (8.0, 16.2)

14.3 (8.9, 20.4)

1.04 (1.004–1.072)

0.029

 Hemoglobin, g/dL

7.4 (6.5, 8.4)

6.9 (5.9, 7.7)

0.79 (0.65–0.97)

0.022

 Platelet count × 10³/μL

435 (330, 557)

382 (265, 488)

1.00 (1.00–1.00)

0.079

 Sepsis, n (%)

9 (7.6)

10 (14.9)

2.12 (0.82–5.52)

0.122

 Malaria, n (%)

7 (6.3)

10 (15.2)

2.65 (0.96–7.35)

0.061

 Urinary tract infection, n (%)

1 (0.9)

3 (4.6)

5.48 (0.56–53.74)

0.145

 Acute infection, n (%)

17 (14.4)

21 (31.3)

2.71 (1.31–5.62)

0.007

2.63 (1.19, 5.81)

 Urine ACR, n (%)

   < 3 mg/mmol

74 (66.7)

31 (48.4)

1 (reference)

–-

  3–30 mg/mmol

31 (27.9)

24 (37.5)

1.85 (0.94–3.64)

0.076

   > 30 mg/mmol

6 (5.4)

9 (14.1)

3.58 (1.17–10.92)

0.025