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Table 2 Characteristics for 25 patients with LPD and LPD with LPSF intervention for 12 weeks each

From: Use of low-protein staple foods in the dietary management of patients with stage 3–4 chronic kidney disease: a prospective case-crossover study

Items

Baseline

LPD under dietitian’s instruction (12 weeks)

LPD with LPSF under dietitians instruction (12 weeks)

Nutrient intake

 DPI (g/kg/day)

0.88 ± 0.20

0.87 ± 0.19

0.68 ± 0.14a*, b*

 DEI (kcal/kg/day)

28.0 ± 5.8

26.9 ± 5.0

28.6 ± 5.4

 Phosphorus intake (mg/day)

917 ± 225

976 ± 351

805 ± 171b**

 Potassium intake (mg/day)

1983 ± 697

1952 ± 636

1831 ± 675

 nPNA (g/kg/day)

0.99 ± 0.18

0.97 ± 0.17

0.87 ± 0.19a*, b*

 HBPI(g/kg/day)

0.37 ± 0.19

0.37 ± 0.12

0.39 ± 0.11

 Proportion of HBPI

42%

43%

57%

Anthropometrics data

 Weight (kg)

66.8 ± 10.6

66.6 ± 10.4

66.7 ± 10.1

 BMI (kg/m2)

24.4 ± 3.78

24.4 ± 3.76

24.5 ± 3.53

 Waist-hip ratio

0.89 ± 0.06

0.88 ± 0.07

0.87 ± 0.07

 arm circumference (cm)

27.5 ± 3.39

26.8 ± 2.56

27.3 ± 2.76

 triceps skinfold (cm)

1.65 ± 0.85

1.51 ± 0.75

1.61 ± 0.85

 arm muscle circumference (cm)

21.4 ± 5.15

22.1 ± 2.87

22.3 ± 2.36

 Grip strength (left)(kg)

29.9 ± 7.22

30.1 ± 8.86

29.8 ± 8.35

 Grip strength (right)(kg)

31.4 ± 7.00

30.8 ± 8.55

31.6 ± 8.53

 Body muscle (kg)

47.1 ± 7.86

47.3 ± 8.18

46.9 ± 8.37

 Body fat (kg)

17.1 ± 8.36

17.0 ± 8.36

17.1 ± 8.22

Laboratory data

 Serum creatinine (mmol/L)

165 ± 64.5

168 ± 71.8

171 ± 86

 Serum phosphorus (mmol/L)

1.24 ± 0.19

1.24 ± 0.16

1.24 ± 0.18

 Serum potassium (mmol/L)

4.52 ± 0.49

4.49 ± 0.45

4.48 ± 0.43

 Serum albumin (g/L)

42.2 ± 3.46

41.4 ± 3.49

41.0 ± 3.88

 TCHO (mmol/L)

4.46 ± 1.02

4.71 ± 0.86

4.68 ± 0.87

 TG (mmol/L)

2.26 ± 1.58

2.45 ± 1.55

2.14 ± 0.96

 HDL (mmol/L)

1.09 ± 0.33

1.12 ± 0.40

1.15 ± 0.34

 LDL (mmol/L)

2.48 ± 0.83

2.68 ± 0.72

2.71 ± 0.51

 eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2)

40.3 ± 13.8

41.5 ± 17.5

42.0 ± 18.0

 Urine protein (g/24 h)

1.37 ± 1.64

1.56 ± 1.84

1.31 ± 1.40

 Urine phosphorus (mmol/24 h)

19.6 ± 6.54

17.7 ± 6.48

18.2 ± 5.00

 Urine potassium (mmol/24 h)

53.8 ± 21.4

48.4 ± 14.9

44.9 ± 19.0a**

  1. aLPD with LPSF intervention Compared to baseline
  2. bLPD with LPSF intervention Compared to LPD under a nutritionist’s instruction
  3. *P < 0.01, **P < 0.05, (paired t-tests)
  4. HBPI high bioavailable protein intake, BMI body mass index, TCHO total cholesterol, TG triglyceride, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate