Table 3 Association with risk factors for elevated albuminuria (≥30 mg/g albumin/creatinine) by study^c

84/1790

5.76

218/5520

3.41

Age

40–49

15/491

3.86

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

25/1029

2.26

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

50–59

21/610

4.69

1.22 (0.63, 2.36)

0.90 (0.45, 1.79)

39/1300

3.28

1.50 (1.00, 2.26)

1.22 (0.80, 1.86)

60–70

48/689

8.07

2.14 (1.19, 3.84)

1.23 (0.63, 2.37)

154/3191

5.01

2.32 (1.50, 3.58)

1.53 (0.97, 2.42)

Test for trend

P = 0.005

P = 0.42

P < 0.001

P = 0.06

Sex

Men

43/749

6.73

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

141/2506

4.87

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Women

41/1041

5.05

0.74 (0.49, 1.14)

0.72 (0.37, 1.39)

77/3014

2.11

0.42 (0.32, 0.56)

0.48 (0.31, 0.72)

Education

(missing imputed T7 = 174)

Low

11/120

9.09

1.38 (0.73, 2.60)

1.41 (0.72, 2.73)

66/1292

4.97

1.16 (0.82, 1.63)

1.04 (0.73, 1.49)

Middle

41/923

5.88

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

68/1610

3.93

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Higher

32/747

5.01

0.87 (0.57, 1.34)

1.02 (0.66, 1.59)

79/2554

2.58

0.71 (0.52, 0.97)

0.88 (0.64, 1.22)

Test for trend

P = 0.27

P = 0.62

P = 0.002

P = 0.30

Smoking status

(missing imputed Russia = 12; T7 = 130)

Never smoker

40/957

5.27

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

66/2071

2.71

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Ex-smoker

21/468

5.38

0.95 (0.51, 1.77)

0.90 (0.47, 1.75)

95/2615

3.12

1.07 (0.80, 1.43)

0.98 (0.72, 1.32)

Current smoker

22/363

7.13

1.39 (0.80, 2.41)

1.58 (0.89, 2.80)

55/792

6.23

2.31 (1.54, 3.56)

2.19 (1.45, 3.30)

Body mass index

(missing imputed Russia = 16, T7 = 43)

< 18.5

0/14

0.0

1.00(ref)

1.00 (ref)

5/34

14.30

7.98 (3.02,21.07)

6.58 (2.39, 18.12)

18.5–24.9

17/513

4.07

48/1752

2.38

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

25.0–29.9

5/674

4.37

1.01 (0.53, 1.91)

0.82 (0.42, 1.59)

84/2445

2.98

1.02 (0.73, 1.43)

0.92 (0.64, 1.31)

30.0–34.9

20/406

6.44

1.53 (0.83, 2.80)

1.00 (0.52, 5.23)

50/969

4.49

1.50 (0.98, 2.28)

1.19 (0.79, 1.80)

> 35

20/178

12.91

3.76 (1.99, 7.09)

2.24 (1.11, 4.52)

38/306

7.77

3.35 (2.00, 5.61)

2.09 (1.27, 3.43)

Test for trend

P < 0.001

P = 0.03

P < 0.001

P = 0.04

Waist: Hip ratio

(missing imputed Russia = 5; Norway = 74)

< 0.9

33/964

4.36

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

83/3361

2.20

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

> 0.9

50/825

7.42

1.53 (0.90,2.63)

1.04 (0.59, 1.82)

132/2143

5.46

1.70 (1.15, 2.51)

1.19 (0.81, 1.75)

Reduced eGFR based on serum creatinine

(missing imputed KYH = 75

T7 = 76)

No

69/1707

5.07

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

192/5365

3.18

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Yes

14/73

24.26

4.88 (2.60, 9.16)

4.32 (2.20, 8.46)

25/136

19.13

6.09 (3.76, 9.89)

5.13 (3.04, 8.68)

Hypertension (measured blood pressure/use of antihypertensives)

(missing imputed Russia = 398,

T7 = 53)

Normotensive

10/607

2.31

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

66/3030

2.01

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Hypertensive

(treated and controlled)

16/421

4.62

1.95 (0.85, 4.52)

1.43 (0.59, 3.49)

59/816

6.84

2.98 (2.08, 4.28)

2.33 (1.56, 3.48)

Hypertensive

(untreated)

9/242

5.44

2.21 (0.90, 5.41)

1.92 (0.76, 4.80)

47/1063

4.62

1.96 (1.35, 2.84)

1.77 (1.20, 2.60)

Hypertensive (treated, uncontrolled)

39/376

12.51

5.60 (2.56, 12.28)

4.30 (1.92, 9.62)

46/599

7.74

3.22 (2.16, 4.82)

2.59 (1.71, 3.94)

Diabetes (self-report or use of medication or HbA1c ≥ 6.5%)

(missing imputed Russia = 130 T7 = 200)

No

56/1501

4.67

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

173/5105

2.99

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Yes

25/249

12.29

2.54 (1.60, 4.04)

1.91 (1.13, 3.22)

43/364

10.94

3.33 (2.33, 4.75)

2.17 (1.47, 3.19)