From: Associations between dietary patterns and stages of chronic kidney disease
Characteristics | Overall Mean ± SD (%) | Late-stage of CKD (n = 797) | Early-stage of CKD (n = 3683) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Male (%) | 42.07 | 35.97 | 43.17 |  < 0.001 |
Female (%) | 57.93 | 64.03 | 56.83 | ||
Age (Years), [mean (95% CI)] | 60.0(59.5–60.5) | 72.4(71.7–73.2) | 57.8(57.2–58.3) |  < 0.001 | |
Race/Ethnicity | Mexican American (%) | 7.24 | 4.58 | 7.71 |  < 0.001 |
Other Hispanic (%) | 4.72 | 3.48 | 4.94 | ||
White (non-Hispanic) (%) | 70.01 | 73.86 | 69.32 | ||
Non-Hispanic Black (%) | 12.04 | 13.27 | 11.81 | ||
Other (%) | 5.99 | 4.80 | 6.21 | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.94 ± 0.11 | 30.23 ± 0.27 | 29.89 ± 0.12 | 0.264 | |
Waist circumference (cm) | 102.90 ± 0.27 | 104.60 ± 0.60 | 102.7 ± 0.30 | 0.004 | |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 141.50 ± 2.57 | 143.30 ± 5.19 | 141.10 ± 2.89 | 0.717 | |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 192.60 ± 0.69 | 181.4 ± 1.59 | 194.6 ± 0.76 |  < 0.001 | |
High density lipoprotein | 52.92 ± 0.27 | 50.74 ± 0.57 | 53.31 ± 0.30 |  < 0.001 | |
Serum triglycerides/HDL cholesterol ratio | 3.28 ± 0.10 | 3.25 ± 0.16 | 3.28 ± 0.11 | 0.885 | |
Apolipoprotein (B) (mg/dL) | 92.20 ± 0.61 | 88.98 ± 1.59 | 92.74 ± 0.66 | 0.029 | |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 130.80 ± 0.33 | 134.00 ± 0.88 | 130.30 ± 0.36 |  < 0.001 | |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 68.15 ± 0.23 | 61.06 ± 0.59 | 69.42 ± 0.24 |  < 0.001 | |
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 120.90 ± 1.12 | 121.50 ± 2.72 | 120.80 ± 1.22 | 0.805 | |
Plasma Insulin (uU/mL) | 15.68 ± 0.60 | 16.53 ± 2.47 | 15.54 ± 0.55 | 0.695 | |
HOMA-IR | 5.28 ± 0.26 | 5.73 ± 1.02 | 5.20 ± 0.24 | 0.615 | |
HbA1c (%) | 6.14 ± 0.02 | 6.28 ± 0.04 | 6.12 ± 0.02 |  < 0.001 | |
2-h blood glucose (mg/dL) | 138.6 ± 1.83 | 154.9 ± 4.81 | 136.6 ± 1.96 |  < 0.001 | |
Hypertension (%) | 58.07 | 83.49 | 53.48 |  < 0.001 | |
Diabetes (%) | 25.16 | 39.54 | 22.56 |  < 0.001 | |
Metabolic syndrome (%) | 39.14 | 52.32 | 36.76 |  < 0.001 | |
Dietary pattern 1 [saturated fatty acids & MUFA] (%) | |||||
High intake | 27.68 | 24.13 | 28.32 |  < 0.001 | |
Middle-to-high intake | 26.26 | 24.08 | 26.65 | Â | |
Low-to-middle intake | 23.67 | 26.70 | 23.12 | Â | |
Low intake | 22.39 | 25.10 | 21.90 | Â | |
Dietary pattern 2 [vitamins & minerals] (%) | |||||
High intake | 27.58 | 21.37 | 28.70 |  < 0.001 | |
Middle-to-high intake | 24.58 | 24.07 | 24.68 | Â | |
Low-to-middle intake | 24.41 | 24.22 | 24.44 | Â | |
Low intake | 23.43 | 30.34 | 22.18 | Â | |
Dietary pattern 3 [cholesterols & PUFA] (%) | |||||
High intake | 23.27 | 14.70 | 24.82 |  < 0.001 | |
Middle-to-high intake | 24.72 | 23.55 | 24.93 | Â | |
Low-to-middle intake | 26.39 | 29.35 | 25.85 | Â | |
Low intake | 25.63 | 32.39 | 24.40 | Â |