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Table 1 Demographic characters and related risk factors of persons based on late-stage CKD and early-stage of CKD

From: Associations between dietary patterns and stages of chronic kidney disease

Characteristics

Overall

Mean ± SD (%)

Late-stage of CKD (n = 797)

Early-stage of CKD (n = 3683)

p-value

Sex

Male (%)

42.07

35.97

43.17

 < 0.001

Female (%)

57.93

64.03

56.83

Age (Years), [mean (95% CI)]

60.0(59.5–60.5)

72.4(71.7–73.2)

57.8(57.2–58.3)

 < 0.001

Race/Ethnicity

Mexican American (%)

7.24

4.58

7.71

 < 0.001

Other Hispanic (%)

4.72

3.48

4.94

White (non-Hispanic) (%)

70.01

73.86

69.32

Non-Hispanic Black (%)

12.04

13.27

11.81

Other (%)

5.99

4.80

6.21

BMI (kg/m2)

29.94 ± 0.11

30.23 ± 0.27

29.89 ± 0.12

0.264

Waist circumference (cm)

102.90 ± 0.27

104.60 ± 0.60

102.7 ± 0.30

0.004

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

141.50 ± 2.57

143.30 ± 5.19

141.10 ± 2.89

0.717

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

192.60 ± 0.69

181.4 ± 1.59

194.6 ± 0.76

 < 0.001

High density lipoprotein

52.92 ± 0.27

50.74 ± 0.57

53.31 ± 0.30

 < 0.001

Serum triglycerides/HDL cholesterol ratio

3.28 ± 0.10

3.25 ± 0.16

3.28 ± 0.11

0.885

Apolipoprotein (B) (mg/dL)

92.20 ± 0.61

88.98 ± 1.59

92.74 ± 0.66

0.029

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

130.80 ± 0.33

134.00 ± 0.88

130.30 ± 0.36

 < 0.001

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

68.15 ± 0.23

61.06 ± 0.59

69.42 ± 0.24

 < 0.001

Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)

120.90 ± 1.12

121.50 ± 2.72

120.80 ± 1.22

0.805

Plasma Insulin (uU/mL)

15.68 ± 0.60

16.53 ± 2.47

15.54 ± 0.55

0.695

HOMA-IR

5.28 ± 0.26

5.73 ± 1.02

5.20 ± 0.24

0.615

HbA1c (%)

6.14 ± 0.02

6.28 ± 0.04

6.12 ± 0.02

 < 0.001

2-h blood glucose (mg/dL)

138.6 ± 1.83

154.9 ± 4.81

136.6 ± 1.96

 < 0.001

Hypertension (%)

58.07

83.49

53.48

 < 0.001

Diabetes (%)

25.16

39.54

22.56

 < 0.001

Metabolic syndrome (%)

39.14

52.32

36.76

 < 0.001

Dietary pattern 1 [saturated fatty acids & MUFA] (%)

High intake

27.68

24.13

28.32

 < 0.001

Middle-to-high intake

26.26

24.08

26.65

 

Low-to-middle intake

23.67

26.70

23.12

 

Low intake

22.39

25.10

21.90

 

Dietary pattern 2 [vitamins & minerals] (%)

High intake

27.58

21.37

28.70

 < 0.001

Middle-to-high intake

24.58

24.07

24.68

 

Low-to-middle intake

24.41

24.22

24.44

 

Low intake

23.43

30.34

22.18

 

Dietary pattern 3 [cholesterols & PUFA] (%)

High intake

23.27

14.70

24.82

 < 0.001

Middle-to-high intake

24.72

23.55

24.93

 

Low-to-middle intake

26.39

29.35

25.85

 

Low intake

25.63

32.39

24.40

 
  1. CKD chronic kidney diseases, SD standard deviation, CI confidence interval, BMI Body mass index, HDL high density lipoprotein, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, MUFA monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids