Table 1 Clinical characteristics and laboratory findings of adolescents according to blood pressure groups based on office and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

 Female/male, % / %

44.1/55.9

54.5/45.5

52.6/47.4

0.672

42.5/47.5

61.5/38.5

25.0/75.0

0.147

 Age (years)

13.3 ± 0.7

13.4 ± 0.7

13.2 ± 0.8

0.772

13.3 ± 0.7

13.4 ± 0.7

13.1 ± 0.9

0.495

 Height-SDS

0.39 ± 1.19

0.73 ± 0.81

0.64 ± 0.74

0.344

0.52 ± 1.06

0.75 ± 0.71

0.67 ± 0.76

0.692

 BMI-SDS

0.51 ± 1.29^a

1.02 ± 1.12^ab

1.45 ± 1.10^b

0.019

0.65 ± 1.22^a

1.37 ± 0.82^ab

1.76 ± 1.17^b

0.005

 Obesity, %

14.7

24.2

31.6

0.340

16.4

30.8

41.7

0.111

 Mother’s age (years)

41.2 ± 6.7

40.4 ± 6.3

40.4 ± 4.3

0.865

40.7 ± 6.1

42.3 ± 7.3

39.3 ± 4.2

0.478

 Father’s age (years)

45.5 ± 7.2

46.6 ± 7.6

42.1 ± 3.9

0.088

45.1 ± 7.2

48.3 ± 6.2

42.0 ± 4.9

0.084

 Parental hypertension, %

11.8

24.2

31.6

0.197

14.8^a

23.1^ab

50.0^b

0.023

 Hemoglobin (g/dl)

14.2 ± 1.1

14.2 ± 0.9

13.9 ± 1.0

0.572

14.1 ± 1.0

14.2 ± 1.3

14.0 ± 0.9

0.887

 White blood cell (×10³/mm³)

7.1 ± 1.8^a

7.4 ± 1.8^a

9.2 ± 2.9^b

0.002

7.3 ± 2.0

8.7 ± 3.0

8.3 ± 1.9

0.073

 Platelets (×10³/mm³)

272 ± 44^a

267 ± 65^a

318 ± 67^b

0.006

271 ± 58^a

287 ± 66^ab

320 ± 60^b

0.036

 Serum protein (g/dl)

7.5 ± 0.4

7.7 ± 0.4

7.8 ± 0.5

0.051

7.6 ± 0.4

7.6 ± 0.3

7.8 ± 0.5

0.336

 Serum albumin (g/dl)

4.6 ± 0.3

4.6 ± 0.3

4.7 ± 0.3

0.792

4.6 ± 0.3

4.7 ± 0.3

4.7 ± 0.3

0.370

 Serum globulin (g/dl)

2.9 ± 0.3

3.0 ± 0.2

3.1 ± 0.5

0.104

3.0 ± 0.3

2.8 ± 0.2

3.0 ± 0.4

0.246

 Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dl)

11.8 ± 2.8

10.5 ± 2.6

11.2 ± 3.1

0.195

10.9 ± 2.8

12.6 ± 3.3

11.0 ± 2.4

0.163

 Creatinine (mg/dl)

0.56 ± 0.11

0.59 ± 0.11

0.53 ± 0.08

0.127

0.57 ± 0.11

0.58 ± 0.12

0.55 ± 0.07

0.787

 eGFR [Schwartz] (ml/min/1.73m²)

121.4 ± 19.8

117.3 ± 19.0

128.0 ± 19.5

0.165

121.1 ± 20.1

121.6 ± 24.0

122.1 ± 12.1

0.986

 Uric acid (mg/dl)

5.0 ± 1.2

5.2 ± 1.1

5.3 ± 1.1

0.564

5.0 ± 1.2

5.0 ± 1.0

5.6 ± 0.9

0.219

 Sodium (mEq/L)

139.4 ± 1.0

138.8 ± 1.8

138.4 ± 1.5

0.066

139.0 ± 1.5

139.2 ± 1.2

138.2 ± 1.6

0.162

 Potassium (mEq/L)

4.3 ± 0.2

4.1 ± 0.3

4.2 ± 0.3

0.078

4.2 ± 0.3

4.2 ± 0.2

4.3 ± 0.3

0.384

 Chloride (mEq/L)

105.0 ± 1.8^a

103.8 ± 2.0^b

103.5 ± 2.2^b

0.016

104.5 ± 1.9

103.7 ± 1.7

103.3 ± 2.6

0.106

 Calcium (mg/dl)

9.9 ± 0.4^ab

9.7 ± 0.3^a

10.0 ± 0.4^b

0.026

9.8 ± 0.4

10.0 ± 0.3

10.0 ± 0.4

0.106

 ACCa (mg/dl)

9.4 ± 0.3^ab

9.2 ± 0.3^a

9.5 ± 0.3^b

0.015

9.3 ± 0.3

9.4 ± 0.3

9.4 ± 0.4

0.319

 Phosphate (mg/dl)

4.6 ± 0.6

4.3 ± 0.6

4.2 ± 0.6

0.051

4.4 ± 0.6

4.3 ± 0.6

4.3 ± 0.6

0.759

 ACCa-phosphate product (mg²/dl²)

43.0 ± 6.0^a

39.5 ± 5.8^b

40.0 ± 5.8^ab

0.045

41.2 ± 6.1

40.8 ± 5.3

40.4 ± 6.8

0.925

 ACCa-phosphate ratio (mg/mg)

2.01 (1.86–2.30)

2.14 (1.94–2.39)

2.25 (2.01–2.49)

0.069

2.10 (1.90–2.36)

2.12 (1.96–2.38)

2.19 (1.93–2.53)

0.661

 Magnesium (mg/dl)

2.07 ± 0.12 (n = 31)

2.04 ± 0.16 (n = 24)

1.99 ± 0.16 (n = 12)

0.297

2.05 ± 0.14

2.01 ± 0.17

2.03 ± 0.13

0.752

 UPCR (mg/mg)

0.09 (0.07–0.12)

0.08 (0.07–0.11)

0.08 (0.07–0.10)

0.450

0.08 (0.07–0.11)

0.08 (0.06–0.11)

0.09 (0.07–0.12)

0.933

 UACR (mg/g)

7.0 (3.2–18.4)

6.0 (4.6–15.5)

7.6 (5.2–14. 6)

0.951

7.1 (4.0–15.8)

6.1 (3.5–14.3)

6.9 (4.8–26.9)

0.751

 UBCR (μg/g)

57.7 (25.8–73.8)

58.5 (19.6–89.1)

43.4 (21.7–60.1)

0.430

57.9 (21.2–74.6)

65.8 (32.9–93.7)

42.2 (18.9–59.8)

0.376

 Carotid IMT-SDS

0.84 ± 1.26^a

1.73 ± 1.10^b

1.43 ± 0.95^ab

0.008

1.26 ± 1.27

1.67 ± 0.99

1.16 ± 0.92

0.499

 Carotid IMT-SDS ≥95 percentile, %

24.2

53.1

38.9

0.057

38.3

38.5

40.0

0.995