Table 2 Characteristics of the validation and development populations of the CKD risk models (means and standard deviation (SD) or percent (%))
Development populations for identified CKD prediction models | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heinz-Nixdorf-Recall-Study | Bang (SCORED, modified SCORED) 2007 | Kearns 2013 | Kshirsagar 2008 | Kwon 2011 | Thakkinstian 2011 | ||
Country | Germany | USA, 72% white | UK, 30% white, 53% unknown | USA, 78% white | Korea | Thailand | |
Size of population (N) | 4,185 | 8,530 | 743,935 | 9,470 | 6,565 | 3,459 | |
CKD defined by | GFR < 60 | GFR < 60 | GFR < 60 | GFR < 60 | GFR < 60 | KDIGO CKD1-5 | |
Prevalence of CKD | 8.6% (MDRD) 9.2% (CKD-Epi) | 5.4% (MDRD) | 6.8% (MDRD) | 16.9% (MDRD) | 4.6% (MDRD) | 17.5 (CKD1-5, MDRD) | |
Handling of missings | Excluded | Excluded | Missing BP: no hypertension | Not reported | Excluded | Not reported | |
Female | 50.5% | 52% | 50% | 56% | 50% | 54.5% | |
Age, mean (SD) | 59.6 (7.8) | 46.0 (31.4) | 46.7 (18.2) | 57 (9) | 44.2 (32.4) | 45.2 (46.5) | |
Age, range | 45–75 | 20–85 | ≥ 18 | 45–64 | ≥ 19 | ≥ 18 | |
BMI, mean (SD) | 27.8 (4.6) | 28.0 (12.9) | - | 27 (5) | 23.6 (8.1) | 24.0 (11.8) | |
Smoking | 23.3% | 20% | 20% | 10% | 27.5a | 35.9% | |
Diabetes | 7.9% | 8% | 5% | 9% | 8.3%b | 11.9% | |
Hypertension | 59.2% | 34% | 15% | 36% | 22.5% | 27.5% | |
Ischemic heart disease or stroke | 6.9% | 4.9% | 2% stroke, 4% IHD | 8% | 3.2% (IHD or stroke) | 3.4% (heart disease) | |
Heart failure | 3.5% | 2.1% | 1% | 0.7% | - | - | |
Proteinuria | 1.7% | 10% | - | - | 10.3% | - | |
PVD | 2.3% | 2.7% | 1% | 4% | - | - | |
Kidney stones | 12.0% (N = 3,398) | - | - | - | - | 5.0% | |
Serum creatinine mean (SD) | 0.93 (0.2) | 0.89 (0.4) | - | 0.8 (0.2) | 0.9 (8.1) | 1.1 (1.18) male, 0.8 (1.18) female | |
eGFR, mean (SD) | 79.1 (17.6) (CKD-Epi) | 94.0 (48.9) (MDRD) | - | - | 85.9 (56.7) (MDRD) | - | |
Anemia | 2.1% (Hb < 12) | 2.7%c | - | - | 8.1% | - | |