Table 1 Basic Characteristics of the Study Population

Demographic characteristics

Age, years

52.11 (14.21)

52.24 (13.43)

51.97 (15.23)

0.93

Male, n (%)

70 (83.3)

38 (84.4)

32 (82.1)

0.78

Female, n (%)

14 (16.7)

7 (15.6)

7 (18.00)

0.78

BMI, (kg/m²)

23.17 (2.69)

23.50 (2.68)

22.68 (2.65)

0.13

Severity of illness

APACHE II score

30.77 (10.25)

35.26 (9.36)

25.58 (8.75)

< 0.001

SOFA score

12.84 (3.78)

14.62 (3.23)

10.79 (3.32)

< 0.001

Causes of ECMO support

ARDS, n (%)

16 (19.1)

5 (11.1)

11 (28.2)

0.04

Non-ARDS lung causes, n (%)

7 (8.3)

0 (0.0)

7 (18.0)

0.003

Post-cardiotomy complications, n (%)

12 (14.3)

5 (11.1)

7 (18.0)

0.37

Non-operative cardiac causes, n (%)

35 (41.7)

24 (53.3)

11 (28.2)

0.02

Others, n (%)

13 (15.5)

5 (11.1)

8 (20.5)

0.24

Comorbidities

COPD, n (%)

8 (9.2)

3 (6.7)

5 (12.8)

0.46

Hypertension, n (%)

9 (10.3)

6 (13.3)

3 (7.7)

0.49

Type 2 diabetes mellitus, n (%)

7 (8.1)

5 (11.1)

2 (5.1)

0.44

Coronary artery disease, n (%)

5 (5.8)

4 (8.9)

1 (2.6)

0.37

hepatic sclerosis, n (%)

5 (5.8)

1 (2.2)

4 (10.3)

0.37

Laboratory examinations

WBC count, 10⁹/L

14.93 (8.06)

15.02 (8.41)

14.97 (7.63)

0.98

Hemoglobin, g/L

95.83 (26.45)

92.13 (21.98)

100.10 (30.56)

0.17

Albumin, g/L

30.77 (1.77)

31.04 (1.64)

30.57 (1.91)

0.23

CRP, mg/dL

42.08 (14.08)

42.88 (13.23)

41.16 (15.13)

0.58

Platelet count, 10⁹/L

125.95 (16.26)

127.38 (16.06)

124.31 (16.55)

0.39

Creatinine, µmol/L

before ECMO initiation

81.0 [71.0–87.0]

82.0 [72.0–87.0]

80.0 [70.0-86.5]

0.71

24 h after ECMO initiation

145.5 [29.0-703.0]

220.0 [74.0-703.0]

84.0 [29.0-149.0]

< 0.001

48 h after ECMO initiation

100.0 [25.0-475.0]

159.0 [57.0-47.05]

74.0 [25.0-121.0]

< 0.001

BUN, mmol/L

24 h after ECMO initiation

11.8 [3.5–38.6]

16.6 [4.6–38.6]

8.5 [3.5–15.2]

< 0.001

48 h after ECMO initiation

8.4 [1.7–38.2]

9.8 [3.2–38.2]

7.3 [1.7–18.7]

0.007

Lactate, mmol/L

before ECMO initiation

6.8 [2.5, 14.1]

7.9 [5.2–14.9]

4.0 [1.9–9.7]

0.002

24 h after ECMO initiation

4.7 [2.50–10.8]

8.50 [3.2–13.6]

3.2 [2.2–6.6]

0.001

48 h after ECMO initiation

2.20 [1.5–3.7]

2.60 [1.5–5.7]

1.80 [1.5–2.8]

0.01

VIS count

before ECMO initiation

54.0 [30–140.0]

70.0 [40.0-165.0]

45.0 [9.5-102.5]

0.008

24 h after ECMO initiation

101.57 (309.10)

116.26 (363.78)

84.62 (234.32)

0.64

48 h after ECMO initiation

134.29 (471.15)

214.02 (626.80)

42.31 (117.16)

0.08

Urine volume, mL

0 to 24 h after ECMO initiation

1575.0 [433.5–2780.0]

556.0 [75.0-2375.0]

2265.0 [1430.0-2885.0]

< 0.001

24 to 48 h after ECMO initiation

1385.0 [434.2-2862.5]

590.0 [40.0- 2055.0]

2390.0 [1330.0, 3287.5]

< 0.001

MAP, mmHg

before ECMO initiation

31.68 (12.08)

32.59 (12.08)

30.63 (12.16)

0.46

24 h after ECMO initiation

81.56 (17.27)

81.19 (17.61)

81.98 (17.08)

0.84

48 h after ECMO initiation

81.39 (17.31)

81.89 (18.20)

80.82 (16.45)

0.78

OI, mmH₂O

before ECMO initiation

88.52 (39.96)

84.75 (35.34)

92.87 (44.77)

0.36

24 h after ECMO initiation

329.67 (190.58)

352.64 (210.62)

303.17 (163.14)

0.24

48 h after ECMO initiation

289.75 (140.38)

293.71 (147.86)

285.17 (133.00)

0.78

Echocardiography

LVEF, %

before ECMO initiation

36.06 (17.08)

29.85 (16.83)

43.23 (14.51)

< 0.001

24 h after ECMO initiation

48.92 (11.09)

46.15 (11.58)

52.12 (9.68)

0.01

48 h after ECMO initiation

52.63 (12.21)

50.00 (12.51)

55.67 (11.25)

0.03

Medicine

Nephrotoxic drug (n, %)

26 (29.9)

17 (37. 8)

9 (21.4)

0.10

Diuretic (n, %)

8 (9.2)

5 (11.1)

3 (7.1)

0.48

Procedure

ECMO support time, h

176.77 (130.82)

167.46 (114.52)

187.51 (148.24)

0.49

VA-ECMO mode (n, %)

61 (72.6)

40 (88.9)

21 (53.9)

< 0.001

ICU hospitalization time, day

15.0 [8.0-22.2]

13.0 [7.0–22.0]

18.0 [10.0–28.0]

0.02

Total length of hospital stays, day

27.09 (18.83)

24.93 (20.94)

29.58 (18.40)

0.29