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Clinical Research

The Clinical Research section considers both interventional and non-interventional clinical research studies, including, but not limited to, controlled trials and case-control studies. This section does not consider basic experimental research, large epidemiological studies, or case reports. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses and epidemiological studies should be directed to the Epidemiology and Health Outcomes section, and case reports should be directed to our dedicated Case Reports section. 

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  1. Anaemia is a common presenting feature among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and it is associated with poor clinical outcomes and quality of life. It is not clear if growth differentiation factor-15...

    Authors: Aishatu M. Nalado, Gbenga Olorunfemi, Therese Dix-Peek, Caroline Dickens, Lungile Khambule, Tracy Snyman, Graham Paget, Johnny Mahlangu, Raquel Duarte, Jaya George and Saraladevi Naicker

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:415

    Content type: Research article

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  2. Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in patients with end-stage kidney disease on haemodialysis. The potential clinical consequence of systematic echocardiographic assessment is however not...

    Authors: Anna Axelsson Raja, Peder E. Warming, Ture L. Nielsen, Louis L. Plesner, Mads Ersbøll, Morten Dalsgaard, Morten Schou, Casper Rydahl, Lisbet Brandi and Kasper Iversen

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:413

    Content type: Research article

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  3. Frailty is independently associated with worse health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the relationship between frailty and symptom experience is not well described in ...

    Authors: A. C. Nixon, T. J. Wilkinson, H.M.L. Young, M. W. Taal, N. Pendleton, S. Mitra, M. E. Brady, A. P. Dhaygude and A. C. Smith

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:411

    Content type: Research article

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  4. The epidemiology of dialysis patients has been little studied in developing countries and economies in transition. We examined the prevalence, incidence and mortality rate of dialysis patients in Kazakhstan, v...

    Authors: Abduzhappar Gaipov, Alpamys Issanov, Kainar Kadyrzhanuly, Dinara Galiyeva, Marina Khvan, Mohamad Aljofan, Miklos Z. Molnar and Csaba P. Kovesdy

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:407

    Content type: Research article

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  5. C3-glomerulonephritis can lead to progressive renal impairment from complement-mediated glomerular injury. Incidence and outcomes of C3-glomerulonephritis are not known in the New Zealand population.

    Authors: Luke J. Sutherland and Hari Talreja

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:399

    Content type: Research article

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  6. We aimed to examine the risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 3 among adults with ASK from unilateral nephrectomy.

    Authors: Wen-Jun Zhang, Zi-Yi Wang, Wei-Xing Zhou, Ning-Qiang Yang, Ya Wang, Ya Tang, Xiao-Chun Zhou, Jie-Cao Dao, Yan-Ru Ma, Yan-Ping He, Xiao-Ling Wang, Wen-Ge Wang and Li Yang

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:397

    Content type: Research article

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  7. Minimal change disease (MCD) is one of the major causes of nephrotic syndrome (NS). A confirmed MCD diagnosis mainly depends on renal biopsy at present, which is an invasive procedure with many potential risks...

    Authors: Gaofei Yan, Guanzhi Liu, Xuefei Tian, Lifang Tian, Hao Wang, Peiyao Ren, Xiaotao Ma, Rongguo Fu and Zhao Chen

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:396

    Content type: Technical advance

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  8. Cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis (CryoGn) caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was rarely reported. Our study aimed to investigate the clinical features, renal pathology findings, and prognosis in pa...

    Authors: Chao Li, Hang Li, Wei Su, Yu-bing Wen, Wei Ye, Wen-ling Ye, Jian-fang Cai, Xu-zhen Qin, Xue-mei Li and Xue-wang Li

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:395

    Content type: Research article

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  9. Hyponatremia is known to be associated with a worse patient outcome in heart failure. In cardiorenal syndrome (CRS), the prognostic role of concomitant hyponatremia is unclear. We sought to evaluate potential ...

    Authors: Rainer U. Pliquett, Katrin Schlump, Andreas Wienke, Babett Bartling, Michel Noutsias, Alexander Tamm and Matthias Girndt

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:393

    Content type: Research article

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  10. Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) could be used as a predictive marker of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after out-of-hospital cardiac...

    Authors: Yoon Hee Choi, Dong Hoon Lee and Jae Hee Lee

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:389

    Content type: Research article

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  11. The association between lower serum sodium levels and the clinical outcomes of insomnia patients remains unclear. We explored whether lower serum sodium is associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients wi...

    Authors: Eunjin Bae, Tae Won Lee, Ha Nee Jang, Hyun Seop Cho, Sehyun Jung, Seunghye Lee, Se-Ho Chang and Dong Jun Park

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:386

    Content type: Research article

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  12. This article describes the analysis and interpretation of data relating to the presence of cadmium, lead, mercury and fluoride in human bone samples obtained from cadavers of patients dying of Chronic Kidney D...

    Authors: Thalarabe Bulathge Ananda Jayalal, Sanath Thushara Chamakara Mahawithanage, Senanayaka Mudiyanselage Harshana Mahendra Kumara Senanayaka and Prasanna Bandara Dassanayaka

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:384

    Content type: Research article

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  13. Kidney disease and dialysis significantly impact cognitive function across the age spectrum. Cognitive training (CT) and/or exercise training (ET) are promising approaches to preserve cognitive function among ...

    Authors: Mara A. McAdams-DeMarco, Nadia M. Chu, Malu Steckel, Sneha Kunwar, Marlís González Fernández, Michelle C. Carlson, Derek M. Fine, Lawrence J. Appel, Marie Diener-West and Dorry L. Segev

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:383

    Content type: Study protocol

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  14. Acute kidney injury (AKI) often occurs in critically ill patients. AKI is associated with mortality and morbidity. Interventions focusing on the reduction of AKI are suggested by the Kidney Disease: Improving ...

    Authors: Jacqueline Koeze, Iwan C. C. van der Horst, Renske Wiersema, Frederik Keus, Willem Dieperink, Eline G. M. Cox, Jan G. Zijlstra and Matijs van Meurs

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:381

    Content type: Research article

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  15. Concentration of the urine is primarily regulated via vasopressin dependent aquaporin-2 water channels in the apical membrane of kidney principal cells. It is unclear whether urine concentration ability in ADP...

    Authors: M. H. Malmberg, F. H. Mose, E. B. Pedersen and J. N. Bech

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:379

    Content type: Research article

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  16. Continuous renal replacement therapy (CCRT) is a frequently used modality for the support of intensive care patients with acute kidney injury (AKI). Nevertheless, there are no objective criteria for the discon...

    Authors: Josefine Thomsen, Ulrik Sprogøe and Palle Toft

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:375

    Content type: Research article

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  17. Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) management in patients with end-stage renal disease is important owing to the risk of cardiovascular diseases. In clinical practice, we manage patient...

    Authors: Masamitsu Morishita, Yukio Maruyama, Masatsugu Nakao, Nanae Matsuo, Yudo Tanno, Ichiro Ohkido, Masato Ikeda and Takashi Yokoo

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:370

    Content type: Research article

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  18. Glomerular diseases, a set of debilitating and complex disease entities, are related to mortality and morbidity. To gain insight into pathophysiology and novel treatment targets of glomerular disease, various ...

    Authors: Eunjeong Kang, Yaerim Kim, Yong Chul Kim, Eunyoung Kim, Nankyoung Lee, Yeonghui Kim, Soojin Lee, Seungyeup Han, Misun Choe, Jin Ho Hwang, Sunhwa Lee, Ji In Park, Jung Tak Park, Beom Jin Lim, Jung Pyo Lee, Jung Nam An…

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:367

    Content type: Study protocol

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  20. Pulse wave velocity (PWV), central pulse pressure and augmentation index are arterial stiffness- related hemodynamic parameters but their associations with renal outcome are still controversial. We hereby aim ...

    Authors: Jian-Jun Liu, Sylvia Liu, Janus Lee, Resham L. Gurung, M. Yiamunaa, Keven Ang, Yi Ming Shao, Robin W. M. Choo, Subramaniam Tavintharan, Wern Ee Tang, Chee Fang Sum and Su Chi Lim

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:359

    Content type: Research article

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  21. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) involves many factors that can cause frailty and oral hypofunction. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of frailty and oral hypofunction and to examine the associations among ki...

    Authors: Shiho Kosaka, Yuki Ohara, Shotaro Naito, Soichiro Iimori, Hiroshi Kado, Tsuguru Hatta, Masaaki Yanishi, Shinichi Uchida and Makoto Tanaka

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:357

    Content type: Research article

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  22. Extracorporeal blood purification has been proposed as one of the therapeutic approaches in patients with coronavirus infection, because of its beneficial impact on elimination of inflammatory cytokines.

    Authors: Masoumeh Asgharpour, Hamed Mehdinezhad, Masoumeh Bayani, Mahmoud Sadeghi Haddad Zavareh, Seyed Hossein Hamidi, Roghayeh Akbari, Reza Ghadimi, Ali Bijani and Simin Mouodi

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:356

    Content type: Research article

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  23. Ankle-brachial index (ABI), the first-line diagnostic test for peripheral artery disease, can be falsely elevated when ankle arteries are incompressible, showing a J-shaped association with mortality. In this ...

    Authors: Manabu Hishida, Takahiro Imaizumi, Steven Menez, Masaki Okazaki, Shin’ichi Akiyama, Hirotake Kasuga, Junichi Ishigami, Shoichi Maruyama and Kunihiro Matsushita

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:353

    Content type: Research article

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  24. Exercise has various positive effects on hemodialysis patients. However, there is no clear evidence which type of exercise yields better results. This study aimed to determine the effects of guided functional ...

    Authors: Špela Bogataj, Jernej Pajek, Jadranka Buturović Ponikvar and Maja Pajek

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:352

    Content type: Research article

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  25. Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is associated with a hypercatabolic state expressed as an exacerbated degradation of muscle mass. However, the clinical significance of this phenomenon has not yet been investigated.

    Authors: Anna Matyjek, Slawomir Literacki, Stanislaw Niemczyk and Aleksandra Rymarz

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:346

    Content type: Research article

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  26. Risk factors predictive of rapid linear chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression and its associations with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and mortality requires further exploration, particularly as patients wi...

    Authors: Ibrahim Ali, Rajkumar Chinnadurai, Sara T. Ibrahim, Darren Green and Philip A. Kalra

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:345

    Content type: Research article

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  27. Preclinical studies have identified both NAD+ and sirtuin augmentation as potential strategies for the prevention and treatment of AKI. Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is a NAD+ precursor vitamin and pterostilbene (PT...

    Authors: Petra Simic, Xavier Fernando Vela Parada, Samir M. Parikh, Ryan Dellinger, Leonard P. Guarente and Eugene P. Rhee

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:342

    Content type: Research article

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  28. Percutaneous renal biopsy (PRB) is the primary biopsy technique and it was used by 16G needles or 18G needles in China, but there is controversy about the effect and safety of the two different diameters. The ...

    Authors: Weiji Xie, Jing Xu, Yi Xie, Zhijun Lin, Xiaochang Xu, Xialan Zhang and Yimin Zhang

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:337

    Content type: Research article

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  29. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients frequently develop life-impairing bone mineral disorders. Despite the reported impact of exercise on bone health, systematic reviews of the evidence are lacking. This revi...

    Authors: Daniela F. Cardoso, Elisa A. Marques, Diogo V. Leal, Aníbal Ferreira, Luke A. Baker, Alice C. Smith and João L. Viana

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:334

    Content type: Research article

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  31. Patients with kidney failure experience a complex decision on dialysis modality performed either at home or in hospital. The options have different levels of impact on their physical and psychological conditio...

    Authors: Jeanette Finderup, Kirsten Lomborg, Jens Dam Jensen and Dawn Stacey

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:330

    Content type: Research article

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  32. Depression and frailty contribute to the adverse clinical outcome of peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. However, the interaction between depression and frailty in PD patients remains uncertain. We determined t...

    Authors: Gordon Chun-Kau Chan, Jack Kit-Chung Ng, Kai-Ming Chow, Bonnie Ching-Ha Kwan, Vickie Wai-Ki Kwong, Wing-Fai Pang, Phyllis Mei-Shan Cheng, Man-Ching Law, Chi-Bon Leung, Philip Kam-Tao Li and Cheuk-Chun Szeto

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:329

    Content type: Research article

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  33. Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS), a serious condition with high morbidity and mortality, is characterized by the coexistence of cardiac abnormality and renal dysfunction. There is limited information about CRS in as...

    Authors: Sorasak Makmettakul, Adisak Tantiworawit, Arintaya Phrommintikul, Pokpong Piriyakhuntorn, Thanawat Rattanathammethee, Sasinee Hantrakool, Chatree Chai-Adisaksopha, Ekarat Rattarittamrong, Lalita Norasetthada, Kanda Fanhchaksai, Pimlak Charoenkwan and Suree Lekawanvijit

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:325

    Content type: Research article

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  34. Dyslipidemia is common in patients with chronic kidney disease and particular prevalent in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis. However, whether markers of atherogenic dyslipidemia correlate with outcomes i...

    Authors: Wenkai Xia, Xiajuan Yao, Yan Chen, Jie Lin, Volker Vielhauer and Hong Hu

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:324

    Content type: Research article

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  35. Due to the high incidence and mortality of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury, a significant number of studies have explored the causes of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (AKI). However, the opinions ...

    Authors: Jiefeng Liu, Hebin Xie, Ziwei Ye, Fen Li and Lesan Wang

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:318

    Content type: Research article

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  36. Although acute kidney injury (AKI) is a known risk factor for adverse clinical outcomes in patients with spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (SICH), little is known about the predisposing factors that contri...

    Authors: Zhenhuan Zou, Siying Chen, Yinshuang Li, Jiawei Cai, Yulu Fang, Jingzhi Xie, Wenhua Fang, Dezhi Kang and Yanfang Xu

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:311

    Content type: Research article

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  37. Ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is associated with renal tissue damage during deceased donor renal transplantation. The effect of mannitol to reduce I/R injury during graft reperfusion in renal transplant r...

    Authors: Christian Reiterer, Karin Hu, Samir Sljivic, Markus Falkner von Sonnenburg, Edith Fleischmann, Alexander Kainz and Barbara Kabon

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:307

    Content type: Research article

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  38. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is associated with reduced muscular strength resulting in profound fatigue. The physiopathology of these changes, their prevalence and evolution are still debated. Moreover, we hav...

    Authors: Antoine Chatrenet, Bruno Beaune, Antioco Fois, Camille Pouliquen, Jean-Michel Audebrand, Massimo Torreggiani, Damien Paris, Sylvain Durand and Giorgina Barbara Piccoli

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:305

    Content type: Study protocol

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  39. Hyper-pulsatility of hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the basic physical examination finding when there is outflow stenosis. The arm elevation test can also be utilized to detect outflow stenosis. I...

    Authors: Matt Chiung-Yu Chen, Mei-Jui Weng, Bai-Chun Chang, Hsiu-Ching Lai, Misoso Yi-Wen Wu, Chia-Yun Fu, Yi-Chun Liu and Wen-Che Chi

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:304

    Content type: Research article

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  40. Accumulation of iron is associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and regulated cell death processes that contribute to the development of acute kidney injury (AKI). We aimed to investigate the associati...

    Authors: Jie Shu, Yufeng Hu, Xueshu Yu, Jiaxiu Chen, Wenwei Xu and Jingye Pan

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:303

    Content type: Research article

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  41. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is considered the most common inherited renal disease. Patient-Reported Outcomes (PROs) and patient experience in ADPKD are difficult to quantify and have n...

    Authors: Dominique Joly, Jennifer Quinn, Stella Mokiou, Karl O’Reilly, Joaquín Sánchez-Covisa, Jing Wang-Silvanto and Helen Doll

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:298

    Content type: Study protocol

    Published on:

  42. There are limited data focusing specifically on the types of arteriovenous (AV) access used and outcomes of AV access among cancer patients as a consequence of cancer. We aimed to describe outcomes of AV acces...

    Authors: Seonjeong Jeong, Hyunwook Kwon, Jai Won Chang, Youngjin Han, Tae-Won Kwon and Yong-Pil Cho

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:297

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  43. Mounting studies have shown that hyperuricemia is related to kidney diseases through multiple ways. However, the application of urinary uric acid indicators in patients with reduced renal function is not clear...

    Authors: Haochen Guan, Yuqi Zheng, Xun Zhou, Ying Xu, Chensheng Fu, Jing Xiao and Zhibin Ye

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:290

    Content type: Research article

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  44. Men have larger kidneys than women, but it is unclear whether gender remains an independent predictor of kidney size (expressed as weight or length) after correction for body size. We analysed autopsy data to ...

    Authors: Sabrina Addidou Kalucki, Christelle Lardi, Jonas Garessus, Alain Kfoury, Silke Grabherr, Michel Burnier and Menno Pruijm

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:289

    Content type: Research article

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  45. Sepsis is the leading cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The aim of the study is to explore the efficacy and security of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) ...

    Authors: Cheng Cai, Gang Qiu, Wenchao Hong, Yunlin Shen and Xiaohui Gong

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:286

    Content type: Research article

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  46. While histopathologic changes correlate with functional impairment in cross-sectional studies of diabetic nephropathy (DN), whether these findings predict future rate of kidney function loss remains uncertain....

    Authors: Paraish S. Misra, Stephen G. Szeto, Adriana Krizova, Richard E. Gilbert and Darren A. Yuen

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:285

    Content type: Research article

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  47. Increased oxidative stress in end-stage renal disease is regarded as one of the important mechanisms in the atherosclerosis and muscle wasting. However, studies examining the clinical significance of oxidative...

    Authors: Young Rim Song, Jwa-Kyung Kim, Hyung-Seok Lee, Sung Gyun Kim and Eun-Kyoung Choi

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:281

    Content type: Research article

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  48. Serum creatinine (Cr) and cystatin C (CysC) can both be used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFRCr and eGFRCysC). However, certain conditions may cause discrepancies between eGFR trends from Cr and CysC,...

    Authors: Eunjeong Kang, Seung Seok Han, Jayoun Kim, Sue Kyung Park, Wookyung Chung, Yun Kyu Oh, Dong-Wan Chae, Yong-Soo Kim, Curie Ahn and Kook-Hwan Oh

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:280

    Content type: Research article

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  49. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1 (MPC1) and mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2 (MPC2) play a bottleneck role in the transpo...

    Authors: Huanhuan Zhu, Huiting Wan, Lin Wu, Qing Li, Simeng Liu, Suyan Duan, Zhimin Huang, Chengning Zhang, Bo Zhang, Changying Xing and Yanggang Yuan

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:274

    Content type: Research article

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  50. Renal infarction (RI) is a rare disease with poor prognosis. Appropriate secondary prevention treatment is essential and requires an exhaustive etiological assessment. We aimed to determine whether invasive en...

    Authors: Fabrice Ivanes, Jean Dewaele, Caroline Touboul, Philippe Gatault, Bénédicte Sautenet, Christelle Barbet, Matthias Büchler, Laurent Quilliet, Denis Angoulvant and Jean-Michel Halimi

    Citation: BMC Nephrology 2020 21:273

    Content type: Research article

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