Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study population
Variable | Overall (n = 200) | 24 h urinary excretion of p-cresyl sulfate | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tertile 1 (n = 66) | Tertile 2 (n = 67) | Tertile 3 (n = 67) | |||
Age (yr) | 60 (48–72) | 58 (47 – 70) | 59 (44–72) | 64 (50 – 73) | 0.15 |
Gender: male/female (%) | 119/81 (59.5/40.5) | 34/32 (51.5/48.5) | 41/26 (61.2/38.8) | 44/23 (65.7/34.3) | 0.10 |
Prior CVD: yes/no (%) | 53/147 (26.5/73.5) | 13/53 (19.7/80.3) | 18/49 (26.9/73.1) | 22/45 (32.8/67.2) | 0.09 |
Diabetes: yes/no (%) | 31/169 (15.5/84.5) | 6/60 (9.1/90.9) | 7/60 (10.4/89.6) | 18/49 (26.9/73.1) | 0.005 |
Current smoker: yes/no (%) | 34/166 (17/83) | 14/52 (21.2/78.8) | 7/60 (10.4/89.6) | 13/54 (19.4/80.6) | 0.79 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.67 (22.99 – 28.67) | 24.91 (23.31 – 29.63) | 25.43 (22.65 – 28.60) | 26.21 (23.12 – 29.06) | 0.80 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 132 (120 – 150) | 130 (120 – 150) | 134 (120 – 150) | 132 (120 – 150) | 0.72 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80 (70 – 85) | 80 (70 – 85) | 80 (70 – 85) | 80 (70 – 85) | 0.82 |
Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 13.5 (1.7) | 13.5 (1.7) | 13.6 (1.8) | 13.3 (1.8) | 0.44 |
Albumin (g/l) | 45.1 (42.0 – 46.8) | 44.8 (41.9 – 46.3) | 45.8 (43.3 – 47.7) | 44.8 (41.4 – 46.2) | 0.06 |
C-reactive protein (mg/l) | 2 (1 – 5) | 2 (1 – 6) | 1 (1 – 4) | 2 (1 – 6) | 0.06 |
Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 181 (153 – 205) | 185 (152 – 209) | 183 (159 – 200) | 166 (151 – 205) | 0.35 |
LDL (mg/dl) | 83 (66 – 107) | 77 (61 – 112) | 90 (70 – 113) | 81 (66 – 100) | 0.23 |
Calcium (mg/dl) | 9.5 (9.3 – 9.9) | 9.6 (9.3 – 9.9) | 9.4 (9.1 – 9.8) | 9.5 (9.2 – 9.8) | 0.68 |
Phosphate (mg/dl) | 3.4 (2.9 -3.8) | 3.3 (2.9 – 3.8) | 3.4 (2.9 – 4) | 3.4 (2.9 – 3.8) | 0.88 |
Bicarbonate (mmol/l) | 24.6 (2.9) | 24.4 (2.9) | 24.8 (2.7) | 24.5 (3.1) | 0.74 |
Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.82 (1.33 – 2.53) | 1.69 (1.13 – 2.50) | 1.86 (1.34 – 2.77) | 2.01 (1.42 – 2.4) | 0.31 |
eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 33.4 (22.8 – 55.5) | 37.9 (24.7 – 61.2) | 31.5 (22.8 – 61.0) | 32.0 (21.6 – 50.4) | 0.44 |
24 hour proteinuria (g) | 0.307 (0.108 – 1.128) | 0.243 (0.098 – 1.128) | 0.256 (0.091 – 0.891) | 0.429 (0.192 – 1.380) | 0.03 |
Therapy with ACEI/ARB: yes/no (%) | 155/45 (22.5/77.5) | 53/13 (80.3/19.7) | 50/17 (74.6/25.4) | 52/15 (77.6/22.4) | 0.71 |
Therapy with statins: yes/no (%) | 113/87 (56.5/43.5) | 33/33 (50/50) | 36/31 (53.7/46.3) | 44/23 (65.7/34.3) | 0.07 |
24 h urinary excretion of PCS (μmol) | 457.47 (252.68 – 697.17) | 183.76 (51.14 – 250.03) | 454.11 (375.92 - 515.67) | 822.02 (694.71 – 1119.62) | < 0.0001 |
Serum PCS (μM) | 46.48 (20.40 – 94.36) | 16.91 (5.71 – 38.41) | 46.57 (26.49-89.60) | 79.18 (52.58 –152.34) | < 0.0001 |