| Cystatin C (mg/L) |  | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 |  |
 | ≤ 0.74 | 0.75–0.82 | 0.83–0.89 | 0.91–1.02 | ≥ 1.03 |  |
 | (n = 1446) | (n = 1377) | (n = 1283) | (n = 1359) | (n = 1285) |  |
 | Mean ± SD, Median [IQR], or % | p-value for trend | ||||
Age | 57 ± 9 | 59 ± 9 | 62 ± 9 | 65 ± 10 | 69 ± 10 | <0.001 |
Female, % | 65 | 53 | 49 | 47 | 49 | <0.001 |
Race/Ethnicity, % | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   White | 33 | 34 | 41 | 41 | 44 |  |
   Chinese | 17 | 13 | 10 | 11 | 8 |  |
   African-American | 30 | 30 | 26 | 24 | 28 |  |
   Hispanic | 19 | 24 | 23 | 24 | 20 |  |
Smoking History, % | 44 | 49 | 50 | 53 | 53 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27 ± 5 | 28 ± 5 | 28 ± 5 | 29 ± 6 | 30 ± 6 | <0.001 |
Diabetes, % | 14 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 21 | <0.001 |
Hypertension, % | 34 | 36 | 43 | 50 | 64 | <0.001 |
LDL (mg/dL) | 117 ± 32 | 119 ± 31 | 118 ± 31 | 117 ± 32 | 114 ± 32 | 0.006 |
HDL (mg/dL) | 56 ± 16 | 51 ± 15 | 51 ± 14 | 49 ± 14 | 48 ± 14 | <0.001 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 105 ± 37 | 104 ± 32 | 102 ± 22 | 104 ± 28 | 107 ± 31 | 0.128 |
Medication use, % | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   ACE-inhibitors | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 0.005 |
   Beta-blockers | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.427 |
   Statin use | 11 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 19 | <0.001 |
Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (mg/g) | 5.1 [3.4, 10.3] | 5.1 [3.2, 9.5] | 5.1 [3.1, 9.0] | 5.3 [3.3, 10.7] | 7.4 [3.9, 20.0] | <0.001 |
Serum cystatin C (mg/L) | 0.68 ± 0.06 | 0.77 ± 0.02 | 0.86 ± 0.02 | 0.96 ± 0.03 | 1.22 ± 0.36 | <0.001 |
Creatinine-based eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 93 ± 16 | 87 ± 15 | 82 ± 19 | 77 ± 13 | 65 ± 16 | <0.001 |