Variable | Participants | Â | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Overall (n = 481) | CKD Present (n = 57) | CKD Absent (n = 424) | p-valuea | |
 |  |  | Low risk (n = 277) | Increased risk (n = 147) |  |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.43 |
 Male | 123 (26 %) | 17 (30 %) | 61 (22 %) | 45 (31 %) |  |
 Female | 358 (74 %) | 40 (70 %) | 216 (78 %) | 102 (69 %) |  |
Age | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.39 |
 18-39 years old | 172 (36 %) | 16 (28 %) | 128 (46 %) | 28 (19 %) |  |
 40–59 years old | 191 (40 %) | 24 (42 %) | 112 (40 %) | 55 (37 %) |  |
 60+ years old | 118 (24 %) | 17 (30 %) | 37 (14 %) | 64 (44 %) |  |
Setting | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.01 |
 Rural | 111 (23 %) | 3 (5 %) | 70 (25 %) | 38 (26 %) |  |
 Urban | 370 (77 %) | 54 (95 %) | 207 (75 %) | 109 (74 %) |  |
Ethnicity | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.81 |
 Chagga | 288 (60 %) | 37 (65 %) | 152 (55 %) | 99 (67 %) |  |
 Pare | 66 (14 %) | 7 (12 %) | 47 (17 %) | 12 (8 %) |  |
 Sambaa | 27 (6 %) | 4 (7 %) | 19 (7 %) | 4 (3 %) |  |
 Otherb | 100 (20 %) | 9 (16 %) | 59 (21 %) | 32 (22 %) |  |
Education | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.35 |
 None | 31 (6 %) | 4 (7 %) | 7 (3 %) | 20 (14 %) |  |
 Primary | 349 (73 %) | 40 (70 %) | 210 (76 %) | 99 (67 %) |  |
 Secondary | 74 (15 %) | 7 (12 %) | 47 (17 %) | 20 (14 %) |  |
 Post–Secondary | 27 (6 %) | 6 (11 %) | 13 (5 %) | 8 (5 %) |  |
Occupation | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.01 |
 Unemployed | 74 (15 %) | 10 (17 %) | 47 (17 %) | 17 (12 %) |  |
 Farmer/Wage Earner | 199 (41 %) | 14 (25 %) | 119 (43 %) | 66 (45 %) |  |
 Small Business/Vendors | 158 (33 %) | 21 (37 %) | 100 (36 %) | 37 (25 %) |  |
 Professionalc | 50 (10 %) | 12 (21 %) | 11 (4 %) | 27 (18 %) |  |
 History of Smoking | 117 (24 %) | 16 (28 %) | 61 (22 %) | 40 (27 %) | 0.44 |
 History of alcohol intake | 318 (66 %) | 40 (70 %) | 166 (60 %) | 112 (76 %) | 0.75 |
Self-Reported Medical History | |||||
 Hypertension | 134 (28 %) | 25 (44 %) | 51 (19 %) | 58 (39 %) | <0.01 |
 Diabetes | 61 (13 %) | 17 (30 %) | 15 (5 %) | 29 (20 %) | <0.01 |
 Heart Diseased | 18 (4 %) | 6 (11 %) | 5 (2 %) | 7 (5 %) | <0.01 |
 HIV | 21 (4 %) | 6 (11 %) | 5 (2 %) | 10 (7 %) | 0.02 |
 Stroke | 8 (2 %) | 2 (4 %) | 2 (1 %) | 4 (3 %) | 0.25 |
 COPD | 25 (5 %) | 0 (0 %) | 4 (1 %) | 4 (3 %) | 0.30 |
 Kidney Disease | 14 (3 %) | 6 (11 %) | 6 (2 %) | 2 (1 %) | <0.01 |